TABLE 4 |.
Unadjusted and adjusted geometric means and geometric mean ratios of serum vitamin B12 concentrations among non-pregnant and non-lactating women of reproductive age, 18–49 years, Ambala District, Haryana, India.
| Characteristic | n (unweighted) | Serum vitamin B12, pg/dL |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted geometric mean (95% CI) | Unadjusted geometric mean ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted geometric mean (95% CI)a | Adjusted geometric mean ratio (95% CI) | ||
| Total | 755 | 190.4 (180.6, 200.7) | 188.6 (178.8, 199.1) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 18–29 | 249 | 154.5 (142.3, 167.8) | Referent | 167.5 (150.7, 186.2) | Referent |
| 30–39 | 307 | 193.7 (176.9, 212.1) | 1.25 (1.11, 1.42) | 189.6 (173.0, 207.8) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.32) |
| 40–49 | 219 | 237.7 (206.3, 273.9) | 1.54 (1.30, 1.81) | 224.3 (194.7, 258.4) | 1.34 (1.09, 1.64) |
| Religion | |||||
| Hinduism | 693 | 183.5 (172.8, 194.9) | Referent | 183.7 (173.7, 194.2) | Referent |
| Islam | 22 | 248.4 (186.7, 330.4) | 1.35 (1.01, 1.81) | 274.1 (207.6, 361.8) | 1.49 (1.12, 1.98) |
| Sikhism | 60 | 276.5 (202.0, 378.4) | 1.51 (1.09, 2.08) | 264.2 (199.6, 349.7) | 1.44 (1.08, 1.92) |
| Caste | |||||
| General | 229 | 189.3 (170.1, 210.7) | Referent | ||
| Scheduled (caste, tribe) | 279 | 188.5 (167.7, 212.0) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | ||
| Other backward classes | 267 | 196.5 (178.8, 216.0) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | ||
| Education | |||||
| None | 160 | 200.9 (176.8, 228.3) | Referent | ||
| Primary | 155 | 193.2 (169.6, 220.1) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | ||
| Secondary | 291 | 187.2 (169.0, 207.3) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | ||
| Higher secondary and above | 137 | 189.4 (159.0, 225.5) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | ||
| Occupation | |||||
| Earning | 248 | 197.1 (175.2, 221.8) | Referent | ||
| Non-Earning | 513 | 189.3 (176.0, 203.6) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 109 | 135.1 (121.0, 150.8) | Referent | ||
| Married | 620 | 202.6 (188.7, 217.5) | 1.50 (1.31, 1.72) | ||
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 46 | 197.9 (157.2, 249.1) | 1.47 (1.13, 1.89) | ||
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous | 145 | 132.9 (119.6, 147.8) | Referent | 152.5 (132.5, 175.5) | Referent |
| Primiparous | 79 | 210.0 (160.6, 274.6) | 1.58 (1.18, 2.12) | 224.9 (175.5, 288.1) | 1.47 (1.17, 1.85) |
| Multiparous | 551 | 207.1 (192.9, 222.3) | 1.56 (1.37, 1.78) | 198.2 (184.7, 212.6) | 1.30 (1.09, 1.54) |
| Diet | |||||
| Vegetarian | 670 | 187.0 (175.5, 199.2) | Referent | ||
| Eggetarian | 36 | 178.5 (142.8, 223.1) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.21) | ||
| Non-vegetarian | 69 | 243.2 (186.7, 316.7) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.71) | ||
| Having a ration card | |||||
| Yes | 755 | 191.2 (179.8, 203.2) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | ||
| No | 20 | 201.5 (164.6, 246.7) | Referent | ||
| Ration card category | |||||
| Below poverty line | 277 | 183.4 (169.0, 199.0) | Referent | ||
| Above poverty line | 477 | 195.9 (179.5, 213.7) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) | ||
| No ration card | 20 | 201.5 (164.6, 246.7) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | ||
| PDS wheat purchase | |||||
| Yes | 497 | 184.6 (172.0, 198.1) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) | ||
| No | 255 | 205.1 (180.8, 232.7) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.29) | ||
| No ration card | 20 | 201.5 (164.6, 246.7) | Referent | ||
| Folic acid supplement use | |||||
| Yes | 23 | 331.5 (205.8, 534.0) | 1.77 (1.09, 2.85) | 278.4 (197.6, 392.2) | 1.47 (1.04, 2.09) |
| No | 752 | 187.8 (177.0, 199.2) | Referent | 188.9 (178.7, 199.8) | Referent |
| Vitamin B12 supplement use | |||||
| Yes | 20 | 525.6 (295.5, 934.9) | 2.82 (1.58, 5.04) | 468.3 (283.4, 773.8) | 2.50 (1.51, 4.15) |
| No | 755 | 186.5 (176.0, 197.6) | Referent | 187.0 (177.0, 197.6) | Referent |
Note: Statistically significant results are bolded.
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; PDS, public distribution system.
a
Adjusted for: Age, religion, parity, folic acid use, and vitamin B12 use.