TABLE 5 |.
Prevalence and unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios of vitamin B12 deficiency and marginal deficiency among non-pregnant and non-lactating women of reproductive age, 18–49 years, Ambala District, Haryana, India.
| Serum vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 pg/mL) |
Serum vitamin B12 marginal deficiency (≥200–<300 pg/mL) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n (unweighted) | Prevalence (95% CI) | Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)a | Prevalence (95% CI) | Unadjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)b |
| Total | 755 | 57.7 (53.9, 61.4) | 23.5 (20.4, 26.9) | ||||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 18–29 | 249 | 69.3 (62.8, 75.1) | Referent | Referent | 18.8 (14.2, 24.4) | Referent | Referent |
| 30–39 | 307 | 55.1 (49.1, 60.9) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | 26.6 (21.5, 32.3) | 1.42 (1.01, 1.99) | 1.05 (0.68, 1.63) |
| 40–49 | 219 | 48.8 (41.5, 56.1) | 0.70 (0.59, 0.84) | 0.80 (0.64, 0.99) | 24.5 (18.8, 31.4) | 1.31 (0.90, 1.90) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) |
| Religion | |||||||
| Hinduism | 693 | 60.2 (56.2, 64.0) | Referent | Referent | 21.8 (18.6, 25.4) | Referent | Referent |
| Islam | 22 | 36.9 (19.5, 58.6) | 0.61 (0.35, 1.07) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.00 c ) | 37.8 (19.5, 60.4) | 1.73 (0.96, 3.13) | 1.64 (0.86, 3.13) |
| Sikhism | 60 | 38.4 (26.7, 51.6) | 0.64 (0.45, 0.89) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.90) | 36.9 (24.4, 51.5) | 1.69 (1.13, 2.54) | 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) |
| Caste | |||||||
| General | 229 | 54.1 (47.1, 60.9) | Referent | 28.6 (22.6, 35.4) | Referent | ||
| Scheduled (caste, tribe) | 279 | 57.3 (51.0, 63.4) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.26) | 21.7 (16.8, 27.4) | 0.76 (0.54, 1.05) | ||
| Other backward classes | 267 | 60.8 (54.2, 67.0) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.33) | 21.3 (16.3, 27.3) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) | ||
| Education | |||||||
| None | 160 | 52.6 (44.3, 60.8) | Referent | 32.5 (25.0, 41.1) | Referent | Referent | |
| Primary | 155 | 61.7 (53.2, 69.6) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.44) | 19.5 (13.5, 27.2) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.92) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.92) | |
| Secondary | 291 | 57.4 (51.1, 63.4) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 21.3 (16.8, 26.8) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.92) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.93) | |
| Higher secondary and above | 137 | 59.8 (50.9, 68.2) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 22.0 (15.5, 30.1) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.03) | 0.69 (0.45, 1.04) | |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Earning | 248 | 54.9 (48.1, 61.5) | Referent | 25.8 (20.2, 32.2) | Referent | ||
| Non-earning | 513 | 58.9 (54.2, 63.4) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.24) | 22.7 (19.0, 27.0) | 0.88 (0.66, 1.19) | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Never married | 109 | 78.7 (68.7, 86.1) | Referent | 12.5 (7.2, 20.8) | Referent | ||
| Married | 620 | 54.0 (49.7, 58.2) | 0.69 (0.60, 0.79) | 25.7 (22.1, 29.7) | 2.06 (1.19, 3.57) | ||
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 46 | 59.5 (44.0, 73.4) | 0.76 (0.57, 1.00c) | 20.2 (10.8, 34.7) | 1.62 (0.74, 3.56) | ||
| Parity | |||||||
| Nulliparous | 145 | 75.6 (67.0, 82.6) | Referent | Referent | 14.7 (9.3, 22.5) | Referent | Referent |
| Primiparous | 79 | 58.4 (46.1, 69.7) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.04) | 22.9 (14.5, 34.2) | 1.55 (0.84, 2.88) | 1.47 (0.79, 2.73) |
| Multiparous | 551 | 53.1 (48.6, 57.6) | 0.70 (0.61, 0.80) | 0.81 (0.65, 0.99) | 25.8 (22.0, 30.1) | 1.75 (1.10, 2.80) | 1.70 (1.08, 2.68) |
| Diet | |||||||
| Vegetarian | 670 | 58.8 (54.8, 62.8) | Referent | 23.1 (19.7, 26.7) | Referent | ||
| Eggetarian | 36 | 51.8 (34.6, 68.7) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | 37.3 (21.8, 55.9) | 1.62 (0.98, 2.66) | ||
| Non-vegetarian | 69 | 50.8 (38.0, 63.5) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | 21.1 (12.4, 33.5) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.55) | ||
| Having a ration card | |||||||
| Yes | 755 | 58.0 (54.2, 61.7) | 1.20 (0.73, 1.96) | 23.2 (20.0, 26.6) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.27) | ||
| No | 20 | 48.5 (26.7, 70.9) | Referent | 36.0 (16.6, 61.4) | Referent | ||
| Ration card category | |||||||
| Below poverty line | 277 | 58.2 (51.8, 64.3) | Referent | 24.3 (19.2, 30.2) | Referent | ||
| Above poverty line | 477 | 57.8 (52.9, 62.5) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) | 22.5 (18.7, 26.9) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.24) | ||
| No ration card | 20 | 48.5 (26.7, 70.9) | 0.83 (0.50, 1.38) | 36.0 (16.6, 61.4) | 1.48 (0.73, 3.00) | ||
| PDS wheat purchase | |||||||
| Yes | 497 | 59.4 (54.7, 63.9) | 1.22 (0.75, 2.01) | 23.0 (19.2, 27.3) | 0.64 (0.32, 1.27) | ||
| No | 255 | 55.4 (48.5, 62.0) | 1.14 (0.69, 1.89) | 23.0 (17.8, 29.2) | 0.64 (0.32, 1.29) | ||
| No ration card | 20 | 48.5 (26.7, 70.9) | Referent | 36.0 (16.6, 61.4) | Referent | ||
| Folic acid supplement use | |||||||
| Yes | 23 | 33.8 (17.5, 55.3) | 0.58 (0.32, 1.04) | 14.7 (4.5, 38.6) | 0.62 (0.20, 1.87) | ||
| No | 752 | 58.6 (54.7, 62.3) | Referent | 23.8 (20.7, 27.3) | Referent | ||
| Vitamin B12 supplement use | |||||||
| Yes | 20 | 16.8 (6.5, 37.0) | 0.29 (0.12, 0.70) | 0.29 (0.12, 0.70) | 15.6 (5.6, 36.5) | 0.66 (0.25, 1.72) | |
| No | 755 | 58.8 (55.0, 62.5) | Referent | Referent | 23.7 (20.6, 27.2) | Referent | |
Note: Statistically significant results are bolded.
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; PDS, public distribution system.
a
Adjusted for age, religion, parity, and vitamin B12 use.
b
Adjusted for religion, education, and parity.
c
Value >1.