Fig 4. Smooth effect on log of SAIDI in minutes.

Partial effects from the fitted GAMM predicting daily mean log-transformed SAIDI for 23 county-utility areas as a function of poverty (%), disability (%), square root of the % of limited English, unemployment (%), minimum temperature (°C), maximum wind (m/s), precipitation (mm) for the effects of social vulnerability and weather on mean daily log-transformed SAIDI. The shaded areas represent the 95% confidence interval for the partial effects, the solid lines represent the smooth fitting curves of outage absence, and the x-axis represent the measured values of the explanatory variables. Rug marks along the x-axis represent data points from the original dataset (n = 23,597) to indicate the distribution of observations.