Oral 2009.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial
Participants	119 persistent AF patients aged 60 +/‐9 years were included and received APVI. AF were terminated in 19 patients, while the other 100 patients were evenly randomised to CFAE or not . Age: 58 +/‐10 years in APVI group, and 62+/‐8 years in APVI + CFAE group. % of male: 41/50 (82%) in both groups. Follow‐up: 10 +/‐ 3 months. Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Interventions	APVI plus CFAE compared with APVI alone
Outcomes	Recurrence of AT or AF, sinus rhythm remaining, complications
Notes	APVI: atrium‐pulmonary vein isolation.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient detail was provided.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	B‐Unclear. The authors did not depict allocation concealment method.
Blinding	High risk	Blinding was not reported.
Incomplete outcome data addressed	High risk	There were no patients withdrawn or lost to follow up.
Adequate sequence generation	Unclear risk	It was not addressed.