Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the participants (N = 1,215).
| Variable | Included data (n = 533) | Excluded data (n = 682) | x2/t | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | |||||
| Sex | Male | 265 (49.72) | 408 (59.82) | 12.365 | <0.001 |
| Female | 268 (50.28) | 274 (40.18) | |||
| Age | 19.38 ± 1.22 | 20.10 ± 1.78 | 8.066 | <0.001 | |
| Ethnicity | Han | 296 (55.53) | 406 (59.53) | 1.958 | 0.162 |
| Minorities | 237 (44.47) | 276 (40.47) | |||
| Household | City | 126 (23.64) | 203 (29.77) | 6.939 | 0.031 |
| Town | 102 (19.14) | 136 (19.94) | |||
| Rural | 305 (57.22) | 343 (50.29) | |||
| Grade Level | Freshman | 482 (90.43) | 413 (60.56) | 139.775 | <0.001 |
| Sophomore | 28 (5.25) | 132 (19.35) | |||
| Junior | 17 (3.19) | 82 (12.02) | |||
| Senior | 0 | 18 (2.64) | |||
| Graduate | 6 (1.13) | 37 (5.43) | |||
| Major | Sociology | 270 (50.66) | 271 (39.74) | 51.390 | <0.001 |
| Science | 132 (24.77) | 175 (25.66) | |||
| Engineering | 113 (21.20) | 131 (19.21) | |||
| Art and Sport | 18 (3.37) | 105 (15.39) | |||
| Economic conditions | Low | 212 (39.77) | 267 (39.15) | 0.812 | 0.666 |
| Intermediate | 318 (59.66) | 408 (59.83) | |||
| High | 3 (0.57) | 7 (1.02) | |||
| SOC(T1) | 53.67 ± 8.04 | 54.69 ± 9.11 | 2.031 | 0.043 | |
| SOC(T2) | 54.37 ± 7.29 | ||||
| SOC(T3) | 53.00 ± 6.52 | ||||
| PA(T1) | 30.05 ± 5.53 | 30.03 ± 6.08 | −0.050 | 0.960 | |
| PA(T2) | 28.90 ± 6.66 | ||||
| PA(T3) | 29.62 ± 6.01 | ||||
| NA(T1) | 24.11 ± 6.17 | 24.16 ± 6.20 | 0.148 | 0.883 | |
| NA(T2) | 23.13 ± 6.68 | ||||
| NA(T3) | 25.29 ± 6.01 | ||||
| PE(T1) | 21.89 ± 19.11 | 24.03 ± 20.78 | 1.847 | 0.065 | |
| PE(T2) | 20.76 ± 18.56 | ||||
| PE(T3) | 19.27 ± 16.34 | ||||
T1, Time 1 (intake); T2, Time 2 (one-month follow-up); T3, Time 3 (2-month follow-up); SD, standard deviation; SOC, sense of coherence; PA, positive affect; NA, negative affect; PE, physical exercise.