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. 2024 Jul 22;47(9):2478–2488. doi: 10.1038/s41440-024-01779-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Threshold and calibration of pulse pressure amplification (PPA) in the discovery sample including 3945 participants. Hazard ratios (HRs) express the risk at each PPA level relative to the average risk in the whole discovery sample for cardiovascular (A) and coronary endpoints (B). The upper confidence limit crosses unity, denoted by the vertical line, at 1.28 and 1.26 for cardiovascular and coronary endpoints, signifying decreased risk. The PPA levels yielding equivalent 5-year risks compared with a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg were 1.28 and 1.29 for the cardiovascular (C) and coronary (D) endpoints, respectively. Model calibration for the cardiovascular (E) and coronary (F) endpoints demonstrated that across PPA quintiles the predicted risk was similar compared with the overoptimism-corrected Kaplan–Meier estimates. All analyses were multivariable adjusted for cohort (random effect), sex, age, body mass index, heart rate, smoking and drinking, total-to-HDL serum cholesterol ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, antihypertensive drug intake, history of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes