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. 2024 Jul 22;47(9):2478–2488. doi: 10.1038/s41440-024-01779-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Hazard ratios expressing the risk of cardiovascular and coronary endpoints per the 1.3 pulse pressure amplification threshold by subgroups. Hazard ratios, given with 95% confidence interval accounted for cohort (random effect), sex, age, body mass index, heart rate, smoking and drinking, the total-to-HDL serum cholesterol ratio, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, antihypertensive drug intake, history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adjustment for sex, age and antihypertensive treatment was omitted, if these variables defined the strata. Squares represent the point estimates of the hazard ratios (HR). Horizontal lines denote 95% confidence interval. NLE/NLR vs NHE/NHR refer to the number of participants with an event/number of participants at risk dichotomized by the threshold of pulse pressure amplification (<1.3 vs ≥1.3, respectively)