Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Discovery | Replication | All |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number in group | 3945 | 1663 | 5608 |
| Number with characteristic (%) | |||
| Ethnicity | |||
| White Europeans | 1684 (42.7) | 701 (42.2) | 2385 (42.5) |
| Chinese | 1279 (32.4) | 544 (32.7) | 1823 (32.5) |
| South Americans | 982 (24.9) | 418 (25.1) | 1400 (25.0) |
| Women | 2134 (54.1) | 901 (54.2) | 3035 (54.1) |
| Hypertension | 2076 (52.6) | 912 (54.8) | 2988 (53.3) |
| Treated hypertension | 1346 (34.1) | 600 (36.1) | 1946 (34.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 246 (6.2) | 93 (5.6) | 339 (6.0) |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 555 (14.1) | 238 (14.3) | 793 (14.1) |
| Current smoking | 853 (21.6) | 326 (19.6) | 1179 (21.0) |
| Drinking alcohol | 1990 (50.4) | 826 (49.7) | 2816 (50.2) |
| Mean of characteristic (SD) | |||
| Age, y | 54.2 (14.5) | 54.2 (14.1) | 54.2 (14.4) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.8 (4.9) | 25.9 (4.8) | 25.8 (4.8) |
| Brachial blood pressure, mmHg | |||
| Systolic | 134.1 (20.9) | 134.1 (21.2) | 134.1 (21.0) |
| Diastolic | 80.0 (10.6) | 80.5 (10.8) | 80.1 (10.7) |
| Pulse pressure | 54.1 (16.3) | 53.6 (16.3) | 53.9 (16.3) |
| Central blood pressure, mmHg | |||
| Systolic | 123.7 (21.0) | 123.9 (21.5) | 123.7 (21.2) |
| Diastolic | 81.0 (10.8) | 81.5 (11.0) | 81.2 (10.9) |
| Pulse pressure | 42.6 (16.0) | 42.4 (16.2) | 42.6 (16.1) |
| Heart rate, beats per min | 65.5 (11.4) | 65.6 (11.5) | 65.5 (11.4) |
| Total serum cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.8 (38.6) | 196.8 (39.8) | 195.4 (38.9) |
| HDL serum cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.4 (15.2) | 57.6 (15.2) | 57.5 (15.2) |
| Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82.4 (19.9) | 82.6 (19.1) | 82.5 (19.6) |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 90.6 (18.8) | 90.9 (20.2) | 90.7 (19.2) |
| Pulse pressure amplification | 1.31 (0.19) | 1.31 (0.19) | 1.26 (1.16–1.42) |
| Median follow-up (IQR), years | 4.1 (3.6–6.9) | 4.2 (3.6–7.5) | 4.1 (3.6–6.9) |
After stratification for sex, median age (53.6 years) and cohorts, a random function was applied to subdivide the total IDCARS study population into a discovery and replication sample, which were well matched (P ≥ 0.09 for all characteristics). Current smoking was inhaling tobacco smoke on a daily basis. Drinking alcohol was the occasional or daily consumption of alcoholic beverages. Diabetes mellitus was use of anti-diabetic drugs, fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL, random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL, a self-reported diagnosis, or diabetes documented in practice or hospital records. Hypertension was a brachial blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg systolic or ≥90 mmHg diastolic, or use of antihypertensive drugs. The glomerular filtration rate was derived from serum creatinine using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration formula
HDL high-density lipoprotein