Table 2.

Intervention characteristics.

Paper	Technology used to deliver exercise programs or monitoring	Type of exercise program	Exercise program description	Duration, frequency, time per session, and intensity of the program	Monitoring of performance	Outcomes measured
Schwartz et al (2015) [30]	Web-based system (Retwise website) for patient+pulse oximeter	In-person clinic-based rehabilitation+self-directed home-based tailored exercise program	Aerobic and resistance training.	12 weeks, 3-4 sessions per week, 20 minutes of aerobic exercise at an intensity of 60%-70% of aerobic capacity, and 3-5 resistance exercises with unclear time per session, neither intensity.	Self-monitoring using digital tools and web system	6MWTa, 1-repetition maximum of lower and upper body strength.
Galiano-Castillo et al (2016) [31]	Web-based system (e-CUIDATE website) for patient and provider+phone call	Home-based remote real-time guidance provided by CUIDATE research staff	(1) Warm‐up, (2) resistance and aerobic exercise training, and (3) cool‐down.	8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 90 minutes per session. Intensity and volume of exercise according to guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine for survivors of cancer.	Remote asynchronous and synchronous monitoring via web system, videoconferencing, or phone calls, on-demand by CUIDATE research staff	QoLb, Brief Pain Inventory, handgrip dynamometer, isometric abdominal test, back dynamometer, multiple sit‐to‐stand test, and the Piper Fatigue Scale.
Collins et al (2017) [32]	Web-based system (unspecified website) for patient and provider	Home-based remote real-time guidance provided by clinic staff	Rehabilitation of swallowing and communication function, nutritional management, and review of posttreatment symptoms.	8 months, unclear frequency, neither time per session, and these were requested on-demand. Unclear intensity.	Unclear	Service outcomes, costs, and consumer satisfaction.
Galiano-Castillo et al (2017) [33]	Web-based system (e-CUIDATE website) for patient and provider+phone calls	Web system–guided home-based tailored exercise program	(1) Warm‐up, (2) resistance and aerobic exercise training, and (3) cool‐down.	8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 90 minutes per session. Intensity and volume of exercise according to guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine for survivors of cancer.	Remote asynchronous and synchronous monitoring via web system, videoconferencing, or phone calls, on-demand by CUIDATE research staff	6MWT, Auditory Consonant Trigrams, and Trail Making Test.
Wall et al (2017) [34]	Web-based system (SwallowIT website) for patient and provider	Web system–guided home-based tailored exercise program	Swallowing exercises based on the “Pharyngocise” protocol.	6 weeks, daily, 45 minutes per session. Unclear intensity.	Remote asynchronous monitoring after exercise via web system, unclear frequency by the speech pathologist	Perceptions were evaluated via structured questionnaires and phone interviews. Patients’ perceptions toward using SwallowIT (4 questions), the functionality of the system (2 questions), the efficacy of the system (4 questions), and preferences for other service-delivery models (2 questions).
Frensham et al (2018) [35]	Web-based system (STRIDE website) for patient+pedometer	Self-directed home-based tailored exercise program	Individual target steps per day program.	Unclear.	Self-monitoring via web system, daily	Measures of physiology, physical fitness, QoL, and 6MWT.
Gehring et al (2018) [36]	Web-based system (unspecified website) for patient and provider+HRc monitor watch+phone calls	Self-directed home-based tailored exercise program	The intervention comprised 3 home-based aerobic training sessions per week for 6 months.	6 months, 3 sessions per week, unclear time per session. Intensity of 60%-85% of maxHR.	Remote asynchronous monitoring after exercise via the system weekly by the physiotherapist	Feasibility (accrual, attrition, adherence, and safety), satisfaction, patient-reported physical activity, VO2 peakd, and BMI.
Vallerand et al (2018) [37]	Phone call–based system for both patients and providers	Self-directed home-based regular progressing exercise program	Aerobic exercises.	12 weeks, unclear frequency, recommended 60-300 minutes per week time per session. Unclear intensity.	Remote synchronous monitoring or coaching via phone call weekly by research staff	Self-reported aerobic exercise behavior, QoL, fatigue, and program satisfaction. Feasibility metrics (recruitment, adherence, adverse events, retention, follow-up, and acceptability metrics).
Villaron et al (2018) [38]	Pedometer+SMS text messaging	Self-directed home-based standard exercise program	Walking program with a pedometer.	8 weeks, unclear frequency, time per session, neither intensity.	Remote asynchronous coaching, weekly by research staff	Level of physical activity (pedometer), fatigue (MFI-20e), and EORTC-QLQ-C30f.
Cheville et al (2019) [39]	Web-based system (unspecified website) for both patient and providers+pedometer+phone call	Self-directed home-based tailored exercise program	The physical therapists instructed patients in an incremental pedometer–based walking program and a resistive exercise program.	6 months, recommended at least 4 sessions per week, unclear time per session, neither intensity.	Remote synchronous monitoring after exercise via phone call, on demand by physiotherapist Remote asynchronous monitoring via web system, weekly by physiotherapist	Activity measure (computer adaptive test), pain interference and average intensity (Brief Pain Inventory), and QoL (EQ-5D-3L).
Ji et al (2019) [40]	Mobile app (efil breath) for patients+wearable pulse oximeter+web-based system for providers	Mobile app–guided home-based tailored or fixed exercise program	Walking distance exercise program mainly and resistance exercises guidance videos.	12 weeks, unclear frequency, time per session, neither intensity.	Remote asynchronous monitoring after exercise via web system, unclear frequency by lung cancer specialists and nurses	6MWT, dyspnea (mMRCg), QoL (EQ-5D), and service satisfaction.
Longacre et al (2019) [41]	Web-based system (unspecified website) for both patient and providers+pedometer+phone call	Self-directed home-based tailored exercise program	Pedometer-based walking program and a resistive exercise program.	6 months, recommended at least 4 sessions per week, unclear time per session, neither intensity.	Remote synchronous monitoring after exercise via phone call, on demand by physiotherapist Remote asynchronous monitoring via web system, weekly by physiotherapist	QoL (EQ-5D-3L) and intervention costs.
van Egmond et al (2020) [42]	Mobile app (Physitrack) for patients	Web system–guided home-based tailored exercise program	Muscle strength, coordination, range of joint motion, and stamina.	12 weeks, at least 2 sessions per week, unclear time per session. The intensity and frequency of the functional exercises were determined according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine.	Remote synchronous monitoring after exercise via phone call, SMS text messaging, or videoconference weekly by physiotherapist	Willingness, adherence, refusal rate, treatment duration, occurrence of adverse events, patient satisfaction. Musculoskeletal and cardiovascular functions and activities.
Kim et al (2020) [43]	Mobile app (Second Wind) for patients and providers+IoTh track device (HR, steps, calorie expenditure, and exercise time)	Mobile app–guided home-based tailored exercise program	Warm-up, stretching, aerobic, and muscle-strengthening exercises for the upper and lower extremities.	12 weeks, unclear frequency, neither time per session. Intensity and target HR for the aerobic exercise were set from the results of the 6MWT.	Self-monitoring using digital tools and on-demand remote asynchronous monitoring by the study coordinator	6MWT, grip strength test, 30-second chair stand test, IPAQ-SFi, body composition, biochemical profiles, and QoL (C30).
MacDonald et al (2020) [44]	Mobile app (Physitrack) for patients and providers+Fitbit+phone calls	Mobile app–guided home-based tailored exercise program	Aerobic exercise for 150 minutes per week, 2-3 days of resistance training, and routine large muscle group flexibility training.	8 weeks, 2-3 sessions per week, unclear time per session, neither intensity.	Self-monitoring via mHealthj app and remote asynchronous monitoring via web system and feedback provided via phone call weekly by kinesiologist	Feasibility, acceptability. Physical symptoms, social functioning, distress, physical activity, work function, and physiological factors.
Piraux et al (2020) [45]	Web-based system (Virtuagym website) for patients and provider+phone calls	Digital tool–guided home-based tailored exercise program	Tele-prehabilitation, including aerobic, resistance, and inspiratory muscle training.	2-4 weeks, 3-5 sessions per week, 75 minutes per session. Intensity of 65%-74% of maximum HR for aerobic exercises.	Remote synchronous monitoring after exercise via phone call by physiotherapist	Feasibility (recruitment rate, retention rate, attendance to exercise sessions, exercise-related adverse events, and patient satisfaction), 6MWT, fatigue, QoL, anxiety, and depression.
Zhou et al (2021) [46]	Virtual reality–based system	By design, digital tool–guided home-based tailored program	(1) Fist clenching, (2) wrist twisting, (3) elbow bending, (4) lifting, (5) shoulder circling, (6) ear touching, (7) wall climbing, (8) backhanding, (9) head holding, (10) abduction.	1 session.	Unclear	General information questionnaire, usability surveys: System Usability Scale (SUS), SSQk, and PQl.
Finkelstein et al (2022) [47]	Web-based system (HAT system website) for patients	By design, web system–guided home-based tailored program	Individuality: specific exercises based on patients’ needs.	1 session.	Remote asynchronous monitoring after exercise via system by the health provider	Surveys: sociodemographic form, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, SUS; semistructured qualitative exit interview.
Lozano-Lozano et al (2020) [48]	Mobile app (BENECA mHealth app) for patients	In-person clinic-based rehabilitation	Individualized AROMm session.	8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 75-95 minutes per session. Unclear intensity.	Self-monitoring via mHealth app	QoL (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23n), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), a self-reported questionnaire that measures symptoms and physical function (disability) for any upper-limb region.
Park et al (2023) [49]	Virtual reality–based system (Kinnect motion capture via Xbox [UINCARE Home+rehabilitation system])	Digital tool–guided home-based tailored exercise program	Each exercise level was composed of warm-up (deep breathing+trunk twist), main workouts (different degrees of motion and variations of passive or active flexion, rotation, and abduction exercises with or without dumbbells were used), and cool-down (deep breathing) components. The exercise level was determined according to the results obtained over the first 4 weeks. Passive and active ROMo of shoulder exercises were included.	12 weeks, daily, unclear time per session, neither intensity.	Remote asynchronous monitoring after exercise via a system by the physician	ROM of the affected shoulder, pain in the affected shoulder (Numerical Rating Scale), functional outcomes (Quick DASH score), and QoL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast and EQ-5D-5L).
Filakova et al (2023) [50]	Web-based system (PolarFlow website) for patient+HR monitor sync to website+phone call	Self-directed home-based tailored exercise program	Modality of walking, Nordic walking, or cycling dependent on patient preference.	12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 30-50 minutes per session. Intensity of 60%-85% HRmax and 11-13 on the Borg rating of RPEp.	Remote synchronous monitoring after exercise via phone call weekly by the physiotherapist Remote asynchronous monitoring via web system, unclear frequency by physiotherapist	Weight, body composition, cardiopulmonary exercise test.

^a6MWT: 6-minute walking test.

^bQoL: quality of life.

^cHR: heart rate.

^dVO₂ peak: peak oxygen uptake.

^eMFI-20: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory.

^fEORTC QLQ-C30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30.

^gmMRC: modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale.

^hIoT: Internet of Things.

ⁱIPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form.

^jmHealth: mobile health.

^kSSQ: Simulator Sickness Questionnaire.

^lPQ: Presence Questionnaire.

^mAROM: active range of motion.

ⁿEORTC QLQ-BR23: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire and Breast Module.

^oROM: range of motion.

^pRPE: rate of perceived exertion.