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. 2024 Jun 1;154(8):2396–2410. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.028

TABLE 3.

Gastrointestinal health measured by the tolerability and GIQLI questionnaires after 2-wk consumption of NC and HON conditions

NC
HON
LMM fixed effects
End End Treatment (HON) Time (End) Treatment × Time Interaction
Tolerability1 0.70 ± 0.16 (54) 0.87 ± 0.22 (54) β: 0.01
CI: −0.38, 0.40
P = 0.96
β: 0.07
CI: −0.34, 0.48
P = 0.72
β: 0.358
CI: −0.22, 0.93
P = 0.23
GIQLI2 129 ± 1.33 (54) 127 ± 1.72 (54) β: −0.60
CI: −2.68, 1.49
P = 0.57
β: 0.626
CI: −1.52, 2.79
P = 0.57
β: 0.636
CI: −2.39, 3.65
P = 0.68

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GIQLI, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index; HON, Honey; LMM, linear mixed-effect model; NC, Negative Control; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Data were analyzed by LMMs and are presented as mean ± SEM (n). The LMM fixed effects columns denote the main treatment effect (HON treatment), time (end), and the treatment by time interaction term (treatment, time, interaction).

1

Tolerability score: 0 (no symptoms/no more than usual) to 12 (much more than usual for every symptom).

2

GIQLI score: 0 (worst quality of life) to 144 (best quality of life).