TABLE 4.
Gastrointestinal symptoms measured by a 7-d record after 2-wk consumption of NC and HON conditions
| Symptom1 | NC |
HON |
LMM fixed effects |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| End | End | Treatment (HON) | Time (End) | Treatment × Time Interaction | |
| Burping, rating | 1.27 ± 0.07 (57) | 1.27 ± 0.06 (56) | β: −0.002 CI: −0.10, 0.09 P = 0.97 |
β: 0.06 CI: −0.04, 0.16 P = 0.24 |
β: −0.02 CI:6, 0.12 P = 0.80 |
| Cramping/pain, rating | 1.08 ± 0.03 (57) | 1.12 ± 0.04 (56) | β: 0.004 CI: −0.06, 0.07 P = 0.91 |
β: −0.01 CI: −0.07, 0.06 P = 0.84 |
β: −0.002 CI: −0.09, 0.09 P = 0.97 |
| Distension/bloating, rating | 1.16 ± 0.05 (57) | 1.20 ± 0.05 (56) | β: 0.01 CI: −0.07, 0.10 P = 0.74 |
β: 0.01 CI: −0.08, 0.09 P = 0.84 |
β: −0.05 CI: −0.17, 0.07 P: 0.46 |
| Flatulence/gas, rating | 1.55 ± 0.07 (57) | 1.53 ± 0.06 (56) | β: 0.01 CI: −0.09, 0.12 P = 0.80 |
β: 0.04 CI: −0.07, 0.15 P = 0.48 |
β: −0.13 CI: −0.28, 0.03 P: 0.11 |
| Nausea, rating | 1.06 ± 0.02 (57) | 1.06 ± 0.02 (56) | β: −0.002 CI: −0.04, 0.04 P = 0.90 |
β: 0.03 CI: −0.004, 0.07 P = 0.09 |
β: −0.005 CI: −0.06, 0.05 P = 0.86 |
| Reflux (heartburn), rating | 1.06 ± 0.02 (57) | 1.05 ± 0.02 (56) | β: −0.01 CI: −0.05, 0.03 P = 0.68 |
β: 0.003 CI: −0.04, 0.05 P = 0.91 |
β: 0.02 CI: −0.04, 0.09 P = 0.51 |
| Rumblings, rating | 1.15 ± 0.05 (57) | 1.15 ± 0.04 (56) | β: −0.001 CI: −0.08, 0.08 P = 0.98 |
β: 0.003 CI: −0.08, 0.09 P = 0.95 |
β: −0.02 CI: −0.13, 0.10 P = 0.80 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HON, Honey; LMM, linear mixed-effect model; NC, Negative Control; SEM, standard error of the mean.
Data were analyzed by LMMs and are presented as mean ± SEM (n). The LMM fixed effects columns denote the main treatment effect (HON treatment), time (end), and the treatment by time interaction term (treatment, time, interaction).
1
Symptom rating scale: 1 = absent, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe.