TABLE 8.

Mood states measured by the DASS-42 questionnaire after 2-wk consumption of NC and HON conditions

	NC	HON	LMM Fixed Effects
	End	End	Treatment (HON)	Time (End)	Treatment × Time Interaction
Depression1	4.64 ± 0.86 (53)	4.47 ± 0.85 (54)	β: 0.07 CI: −0.95, 1.08 P = 0.90	β: −0.13 CI: −1.19, 0.92 P = 0.80	β: −0.36 CI: −1.85, 1.12 P = 0.63
Anxiety2	2.96 ± 0.60 (53)	2.43 ± 0.51 (54)	β: −0.02 CI: −0.64, 0.60 P = 0.94	β: −0.62 CI: −1.27, 0.03 P = 0.06	β: 0.24 CI: −0.67, 1.14 P = 0.61
Stress3	6.45 ± 0.99 (53)	5.56 ± 0.83 (54)	β: 0.02 CI: −1.01, 1.05 P = 0.97	β: −0.81 CI: −1.89, 0.26 P = 0.14	β: −0.33 CI: −1.83, 1.17 P = 0.67

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DASS-42, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales – 42; HON, Honey; LMM, linear mixed-effect model; NC, Negative Control; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Data were analyzed by LMMs and are presented as mean ± SEM (n). The LMM fixed effects columns denote the main treatment effect (HON treatment), time (end), and the treatment by time interaction term (treatment, time, interaction).

¹Depression score: 0–9 (normal), 10–13 (mild), 14–20 (moderate), 21–27 (severe), 28+ (extremely severe).

²Anxiety score: 0–7 (normal), 8–9 (mild), 10–14 (moderate), 15–19 (severe), 20+ (extremely severe).

³Stress score: 0–14 (normal), 15–18 (mild), 19–25 (moderate), 26–33 (severe), 34+ (extremely severe).