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. 2024 Jun 1;154(8):2396–2410. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.028

TABLE 8.

Mood states measured by the DASS-42 questionnaire after 2-wk consumption of NC and HON conditions

NC
HON
LMM Fixed Effects
End End Treatment (HON) Time (End) Treatment × Time Interaction
Depression1 4.64 ± 0.86 (53) 4.47 ± 0.85 (54) β: 0.07
CI: −0.95, 1.08
P = 0.90
β: −0.13
CI: −1.19, 0.92
P = 0.80
β: −0.36
CI: −1.85, 1.12
P = 0.63
Anxiety2 2.96 ± 0.60 (53) 2.43 ± 0.51 (54) β: −0.02
CI: −0.64, 0.60
P = 0.94
β: −0.62
CI: −1.27, 0.03
P = 0.06
β: 0.24
CI: −0.67, 1.14
P = 0.61
Stress3 6.45 ± 0.99 (53) 5.56 ± 0.83 (54) β: 0.02
CI: −1.01, 1.05
P = 0.97
β: −0.81
CI: −1.89, 0.26
P = 0.14
β: −0.33
CI: −1.83, 1.17
P = 0.67

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DASS-42, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales – 42; HON, Honey; LMM, linear mixed-effect model; NC, Negative Control; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Data were analyzed by LMMs and are presented as mean ± SEM (n). The LMM fixed effects columns denote the main treatment effect (HON treatment), time (end), and the treatment by time interaction term (treatment, time, interaction).

1

Depression score: 0–9 (normal), 10–13 (mild), 14–20 (moderate), 21–27 (severe), 28+ (extremely severe).

2

Anxiety score: 0–7 (normal), 8–9 (mild), 10–14 (moderate), 15–19 (severe), 20+ (extremely severe).

3

Stress score: 0–14 (normal), 15–18 (mild), 19–25 (moderate), 26–33 (severe), 34+ (extremely severe).