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. 2024 Sep 4;16:196. doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01519-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Mediation model testing indirect effects of lifelong mental activities on cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) severity and neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) number. CAA total score was the independent, NPS number the dependent variable and the lifetime of experiences questionnaire (LEQ) total score the mediator. Covariates were age, sex, years of education, arterial hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease pathology, apolipoprotein E status. a: effect of CAA severity on LEQ total score (-1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.24 to -0.12, p = 0.035). b: effect of LEQ total score on NPS number (-0.26, 95% CI -0.05 to -0.002, p = 0.033). c’: direct effect of CAA score on NPS number (0.22, 95% CI 0.04–0.39, p = 0.014). c: total effect of CAA score on NPS number (0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.44, p = 0.003)