Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants in the NHANES
| Variables | Overall | Control Group | Epilepsy Group | P-valued | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 10,093a | n = 187,353,423b | n = 10,020a | n = 186,350,487 b | n = 73a | n = 1,002,936 b | ||
| Sex | 0.6 | ||||||
| Female | 5,118 (50.71%) | 95,652,900 (51.05%) | 5,079 (50.69%) | 95,087,093 (51.03%) | 39 (53.42%) | 565,807 (56.42%) | |
| Male | 4,975 (49.29%) | 91,700,523 (48.95%) | 4,941 (49.31%) | 91,263,393 (48.97%) | 34 (46.58%) | 437,129 (43.58%) | |
| Age (years) | 0.2 | ||||||
| <40 | 3,352 (33.21%) | 68,753,487 (36.70%) | 3,336 (33.29%) | 68,528,511 (36.77%) | 16 (21.92%) | 224,975 (22.43%) | |
| 40–60 | 3,648 (36.14%) | 70,648,211 (37.71%) | 3,621 (36.14%) | 70,214,351 (37.68%) | 27 (36.99%) | 433,860 (43.26%) | |
| >60 | 3,093 (30.65%) | 47,951,726 (25.59%) | 3,063 (30.57%) | 47,607,625 (25.55%) | 30 (41.10%) | 344,101 (34.31%) | |
| Race | 0.4 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 1,362 (13.49%) | 14,955,094 (7.98%) | 1,352 (13.49%) | 14,883,498 (7.99%) | 10 (13.70%) | 71,596 (7.14%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1,111 (11.01%) | 12,226,964 (6.53%) | 1,101 (10.99%) | 12,131,335 (6.51%) | 10 (13.70%) | 95,629 (9.53%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 3,653 (36.19%) | 123,612,971 (65.98%) | 3,624 (36.17%) | 122,988,539 (66.00%) | 29 (39.73%) | 624,432 (62.26%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,395 (23.73%) | 19,781,239 (10.56%) | 2,378 (23.73%) | 19,623,729 (10.53%) | 17 (23.29%) | 157,510 (15.70%) | |
| Other race | 1,572 (15.58%) | 16,777,155 (8.95%) | 1,565 (15.62%) | 16,723,386 (8.97%) | 7 (9.59%) | 53,769 (5.36%) | |
| Education | 0.3 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1,843 (18.26%) | 19,838,777 (10.59%) | 1,829 (18.25%) | 19,718,999 (10.58%) | 14 (19.18%) | 119,778 (11.94%) | |
| High school | 2,307 (22.86%) | 45,250,047 (24.15%) | 2,285 (22.80%) | 44,907,803 (24.10%) | 22 (30.14%) | 342,244 (34.12%) | |
| High school or above | 5,943 (58.88%) | 122,264,599 (65.26%) | 5,906 (58.94%) | 121,723,685 (65.32%) | 37 (50.68%) | 540,914 (53.93%) | |
| Marital status | 0.2 | ||||||
| Never married | 1,869 (18.52%) | 33,231,505 (17.74%) | 1,849 (18.45%) | 32,948,958 (17.68%) | 20 (27.40%) | 282,547 (28.17%) | |
| Widowed、Divorced、Separated | 1,987 (19.69%) | 30,231,818 (16.14%) | 1,970 (19.66%) | 30,034,550 (16.12%) | 17 (23.29%) | 197,268 (19.67%) | |
| Married、Living with partner | 6,237 (61.80%) | 123,890,100 (66.13%) | 6,201 (61.89%) | 123,366,979 (66.20%) | 36 (49.32%) | 523,121 (52.16%) | |
| PIR | < 0.001 | ||||||
| <2 | 4,610 (45.68%) | 58,506,857 (31.23%) | 4,563 (45.54%) | 57,871,642 (31.06%) | 47 (64.38%) | 635,216 (63.34%) | |
| ≥ 2 | 5,483 (54.32%) | 128,846,566 (68.77%) | 5,457 (54.46%) | 128,478,845 (68.94%) | 26 (35.62%) | 367,721 (36.66%) | |
| Smoking | 0.6 | ||||||
| No | 5,844 (57.90%) | 107,435,355 (57.34%) | 5,809 (57.97%) | 106,895,472 (57.36%) | 35 (47.95%) | 539,882 (53.83%) | |
| Yes | 4,249 (42.10%) | 79,918,069 (42.66%) | 4,211 (42.03%) | 79,455,015 (42.64%) | 38 (52.05%) | 463,054 (46.17%) | |
| Hypertention | 0.009 | ||||||
| No | 5,783 (57.30%) | 117,566,199 (62.75%) | 5,754 (57.43%) | 117,168,625 (62.88%) | 29 (39.73%) | 397,574 (39.64%) | |
| Yes | 4,310 (42.70%) | 69,787,224 (37.25%) | 4,266 (42.57%) | 69,181,862 (37.12%) | 44 (60.27%) | 605,362 (60.36%) | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 8,160 (80.85%) | 159,968,221 (85.38%) | 8,111 (80.95%) | 159,352,069 (85.51%) | 49 (67.12%) | 616,152 (61.43%) | |
| Yes | 1,933 (19.15%) | 27,385,202 (14.62%) | 1,909 (19.05%) | 26,998,418 (14.49%) | 24 (32.88%) | 386,784 (38.57%) | |
| CHD | 0.4 | ||||||
| No | 9,662 (95.73%) | 180,160,819 (96.16%) | 9,595 (95.76%) | 179,225,292 (96.18%) | 67 (91.78%) | 935,527 (93.28%) | |
| Yes | 431 (4.27%) | 7,192,604 (3.84%) | 425 (4.24%) | 7,125,194 (3.82%) | 6 (8.22%) | 67,409 (6.72%) | |
| Asthma | 0.006 | ||||||
| No | 8,532 (84.53%) | 158,714,524 (84.71%) | 8,480 (84.63%) | 158,020,820 (84.80%) | 52 (71.23%) | 693,704 (69.17%) | |
| Yes | 1,561(15.47%) | 28,638,899 (15.29%) | 1,540 (15.37%) | 28,329,667 (15.20%) | 21 (28.77%) | 309,233 (30.83%) | |
| PHQ-9 score c | 3.07 (4.00) | 3.05 (3.98) | 5.49 (5.33) | 0.039 | |||
| MDD | 0.003 | ||||||
| No | 9,266 (91.81%) | 173,052,287 (92.37%) | 9,209 (91.91%) | 172,238,327 (92.43%) | 57 (78.08%) | 813,961 (81.16%) | |
| Yes | 827 (8.19%) | 14,301,136 (7.63%) | 811 (8.09%) | 14,112,160 (7.57%) | 16 (21.92%) | 188,976 (18.84%) | |
| Sleep disturbance | < 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 8,505 (84.27%) | 158,025,084 (84.35%) | 8,458 (84.41%) | 157,495,217 (84.52%) | 47 (64.38%) | 529,867 (52.83%) | |
| Yes | 1,588 (15.73%) | 29,328,340 (15.65%) | 1,562 (15.59%) | 28,855,270 (15.48%) | 26 (35.62%) | 473,070 (47.17%) | |
Abbreviations: PIR, poverty income ratio; CHD, coronary heart disease; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; MDD, major depressive disorder
an (percentages); bweighted n (weighted percentages); cMean (SD)
d chi-squared test with Rao & Scott’s second-order correction; Wilcoxon rank-sum test for complex survey sample