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. 2024 Sep 4;24:2412. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19898-5

Table 3.

Associations of sleep disturbance with epilepsy and depression

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
OR(95% CI) P OR(95% CI) P OR(95% CI) P
Epilepsy
No Ref. Ref. Ref.
Yes 4.87 (2.50, 9.50) <0.001 4.43 (2.19, 8.93 ) <0.001 3.67 (1.68, 8.04) 0.002
PHQ-9 1.15 (1.13, 1.17) <0.001 1.16 (1.14, 1.18) <0.001 1.14 (1.12, 1.16) <0.001
MDD
No Ref. Ref. Ref.
Yes 3.93 (3.14, 4.92) <0.001 4.04 (3.21, 5.08 ) <0.001 3.32 (2.68, 4.11) <0.001

Model 1: No covariate were adjusted. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, marital status and PIR. Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, marital status, PIR, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, CHD, asthma.Abbreviations: PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; MDD, major depressive disorder