| Anaemia status |
Binary |
Haemoglobin levels less than 11g/dl |
Anaemia or No anaemia |
| Severity of anaemia |
Ordinal |
Grouping anaemia status using WHO criteria |
≥11g/dL = No anaemia; 10.0–10.9g/dL = Mild anaemia; 7.0–9.9g/dL = Moderate anaemia; and < 7g/dL = Severe anaemia. |
| Age group |
Ordinal |
The age category of mothers |
16–25, 26–35, ≥36 |
| Marital status |
Nominal |
Having customarily or legally bounded partner including being divorced or widowed |
Single, Married, Widowed |
| Education |
Ordinal |
The highest educational level reached by mothers |
No formal education, Primary, Junior high, Senior high, and Tertiary |
| Ethnicity |
Nominal |
Belonging to any traditional ethnic or tribal group |
Dagomba, Gonja, Frafra, and Others (Asante, Ewe, Kusasi) |
| Religion |
Nominal |
The religious affiliation of mothers |
Christianity, Islam, and Traditional |
| Occupation |
Nominal |
The working-class or economic sector operated by mothers |
Unemployed, Informal, and Formal |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
Ordinal |
SES (as a proxy indicator of household wealth quintile) for principal component analysis of 16 selected household assets (water source, availability of electricity, cooking fuel type, toilet facility type, house roof material, maternal job status, house type, bicycle, mobile phone, television, car, radio, refrigerator, computer, motorcycle, and mattress/bed). This was further trichotomized into high, middle, and low SES [31] |
Low, Middle, and High |
| Household food security |
Ordinal |
The degree of anxiety and uncertainty associated with food supply, food quality, food adequacy, and number of food intake by household members measured by the Food Insecurity Access Scale [4] |
Food secure, Mild/Moderate food insecure, and Severe food insecure |
| Number of deliveries |
Ordinal/ Binary |
The number of deliveries by a respondent |
0–1, and ≥2 |
| Number of pregnancies |
Ordinal/ Binary |
The number of pregnancies by a respondent including the current pregnancy |
0–1, and ≥2 |
| Frequency of antenatal contacts |
Ordinal/ Binary |
The number of antenatal visits made by a woman during current pregnancy and categorized using 2016 WHO antenatal model |
<8, and ≥8 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) |
Ordinal |
Defined as first-trimester body weight (kg) (thus, proxy pre-pregnancy weight since foetal weight gain in the first trimester is low) [32] divided by height (m2) and classified using WHO criteria. |
<18.5kg/m2 = Underweight; 18.5–24.9kg/m2 = Normal; and ≥25kg/m2 = Overweight/obese |
| Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) intake |
Ordinal |
The ingestion of SP since the respondent became pregnant |
0, 1–3, and >3 |
| Tetanus-diphtheria (TD) immunization |
Binary |
Determine whether the respondent has ever received TD immunization since pregnancy period |
Yes or No |
| Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) use |
Binary |
Determine whether the respondent sleeps under ITNs |
Yes or No |
| Family planning (FP) use |
Binary |
The use of FP method before the current pregnancy |
Yes or No |
| Iron folic acid (IFA) supplementation |
Binary |
The supply of IFA to a pregnant woman since she started antenatal services |
Yes or No |
| Malaria infection |
Binary |
Episode of malaria infection throughout the current pregnancy |
Yes or No |
| Previous history of anaemia |
Binary |
Women who had anaemia within a year before the most recent pregnancy. |
Yes or No |
| Type of antenatal provider |
Binary |
The current care level of facility the respondent receives antenatal services |
Hospital or Health centre |
| Knowledge on anaemia |
Binary |
Estimation of composited knowledge scores using a median cut-off point of 24 knowledge-related items before categorizing into adequate and inadequate knowledge level [7, 33] |
Adequate or Inadequate |
