Table 4. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and antenatal factors associated with anaemia at 36 weeks of gestation.
| Variables | Frequency distribution | Logistic regression analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Anaemia | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
| N | N (%) | COR (95%CI) | p-value | AOR (95%CI) | p-value | |
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 16–25 | 38 | 21 (55.3) | 0.63 (0.32–1.24) | 0.182 | ||
| 26–35 | 340 | 149 (43.8) | 1 | |||
| 36–46 | 44 | 21 (47.7) | 0.85 (0.46–1.60) | 0.642 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 30 | 16 (53.3) | 0.70 (0.33–1.47) | 0.349 | ||
| Married | 389 | 173 (44.5) | 1 | |||
| Widowed | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 0.40 (0.04–4.45) | 0.456 | ||
| Education level | ||||||
| No education | 182 | 86 (47.3) | 1.27 (0.71–2.26) | 0.417 | ||
| Primary | 58 | 25 (43.1) | 1.50 (0.73–3.09) | 0.268 | ||
| Junior high | 62 | 33 (55.2) | 1 | |||
| Senior high | 76 | 29 (38.2) | 1.84 (0.93–3.64) | 0.078 | ||
| Tertiary | 44 | 18 (40.9) | 1.64 (0.75–3.59) | 0.212 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Dagomba | 340 | 166 (48.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Gonja | 22 | 6 (27.3) | 2.54 (0.97–6.66) | 0.057 | 1.89 (0.66–5.45) | 0.236 |
| Frafra | 34 | 10 (29.4) | 2.29 (1.06–4.93) | 0.034† | 1.96 (0.88–4.40) | 0.102 |
| Others (Asante, Ewe, Kusasi) | 26 | 9 (34.6) | 1.80 (0.78–4.15) | 0.167 | 1.64 (0.66–4.09) | 0.289 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Islam | 372 | 173 (46.5) | 1 | |||
| Christianity | 49 | 17 (34.7) | 1.64 (0.87–3.04) | 0.121 | ||
| Traditional | 1 | 1 (100) | ---- | ---- | ||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Unemployed | 153 | 77 (50.3) | 0.80 (0.53–1.20) | 0.284 | ||
| Informal | 228 | 102 (44.7) | 1 | |||
| Formal | 41 | 12 (29.3) | 1.95 (0.95–4.03) | 0.068 | ||
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| High | 168 | 60 (35.7) | 1.27 (0.75–2.14) | 0.376 | 1.23 (0.70–2.13) | 0.471 |
| Middle | 84 | 40 (47.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Low | 170 | 91 (53.5) | 2.07 (1.34–3.21) | 0.001† | 1.78 (1.10–2.90) | 0.020 † |
| Household food security level | ||||||
| Food secure | 329 | 150 (45.6) | 0.66 (0.39–1.20) | 0.185 | ||
| Mild/moderate food insecure | 63 | 23 (36.5) | 1 | |||
| Severe food insecure | 30 | 18 (60.0) | 0.38 (0.16–0.94) | 0.085 | ||
| Obstetric and antenatal variables | ||||||
| Number of pregnancies | ||||||
| 0–1 | 111 | 52 (46.9) | 0.89 (0.56–1.39) | 0.594 | ||
| ≥ 2–4 | 251 | 110 (43.8) | 1 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 60 | 29 (48.3) | 0.84 (0.47–1.47) | 0.528 | ||
| Number of deliveries | ||||||
| 0–1 | 120 | 55 (45.8) | 0.93 (0.60–1.45) | 0.758 | ||
| ≥ 2–4 | 247 | 109 (44.1) | 1 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 55 | 27 (49.1) | 0.82 (0.46–1.47) | 0.504 | ||
| Frequency of antenatal contacts | ||||||
| < 8 | 304 | 147 (48.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥ 8 | 118 | 44 (37.3) | 0.64 (0.41–0.98) | 0.041† | 0.80 (0.50–1.30) | 0.378 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) | ||||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | 13 | 7 (53.8) | 0.84 (0.27–2.56) | 0.758 | 0.84 (0.25–2.80) | 0.783 |
| Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 279 | 138 (49.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | 130 | 46 (35.4) | 1.79 (1.16–2.75) | 0.008† | 1.62 (1.01–2.58) | 0.041 † |
| Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine intake | ||||||
| None | 25 | 17 (68.0) | 2.13 (1.40–3.26) | <0.001† | 2.22 (1.40–3.51) | 0.001 † |
| 1–3 doses | 249 | 126 (50.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| > 3 doses | 148 | 48 (32.4) | 0.48 (0.20–1.16) | 0.103 | 0.56 (0.22–1.42) | 0.227 |
| Tetanus-diphtheria immunization | ||||||
| No | 31 | 19 (61.3) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 391 | 172 (44.0) | 2.01 (0.95–4.26) | 0.067 | ||
| Insecticide-treated bed nets use | ||||||
| No | 152 | 74 (48.7) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 270 | 117 (43.3) | 1.24 (0.83–1.85) | 0.289 | ||
| Family planning use before current pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 347 | 165 (47.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 75 | 26 (34.7) | 1.71 (1.02–2.87) | 0.044† | 1.57 (0.22–1.43) | 0.122 |
| Iron folic acid supplementation | ||||||
| No | 7 | 5 (71.4) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 415 | 186 (44.8) | 3.08 (0.59–16.0) | 0.182 | ||
| Malaria infection during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 363 | 153 (42.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 59 | 38 (64.4) | 2.48 (1.40–4.40) | 0.002† | 3.14 (1.66–5.93) | <0.001 † |
| Previous history of anaemia | ||||||
| No | 394 | 178 (45.2) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 28 | 13 (46.4) | 0.95 (0.44–2.05) | 0.898 | ||
| Type of antenatal provider | ||||||
| Health centre | 228 | 101 (44.3) | 1 | |||
| Hospital | 194 | 90 (46.4) | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | 0.667 | ||
| Ever received education on anaemia | ||||||
| No | 14 | 9 (64.3) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 408 | 182 (44.6) | 2.23 (0.74–6.79) | 0.156 | ||
| Maternal knowledge on anaemia | ||||||
| Inadequate | 124 | 57 (46.0) | 1 | |||
| Adequate | 298 | 134 (45.0) | 1.04 (0.68–1.59) | 0.851 | ||
† p-value < 0.05 Regression model (R2:0.396; p<0.001) COR: crude odds ratio AOR: adjusted odds ratio Bold AOR, 95%CI, p-value: significant values for associated factors