Figure 2.

Assessment of the VMR in response to CRD in a PRS model in female Wistar rats. Tenapanor or vehicle were administered orally 1 h before CRD. Tenapanor treatment at 3 or 10 mg/kg produced similar VMR to CRD as rats treated with vehicle (A and B; n = 9 rats/cohort), whereas tenapanor (50 mg/kg) induced a significantly smaller VMR than vehicle, similar to rats who did not undergo PRS (C; n = 8 rats/cohort). Intestinal volume was consistent between stress models (D−F). Data are presented as means ± SE. Significantly different from vehicle: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Significantly different from PRS + vehicle: +P < 0.05, ++P < 0.01. CRD, colorectal distension; po, by mouth; PRS, partial restraint stress; VMR, visceral motor reflex.