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. 2024 Jul 17;271(9):5976–5984. doi: 10.1007/s00415-024-12555-2

Table 1.

Mean cognitive z-scores and percentage of patients completing each test. *Normative data reference average performance to a percentile above 50

Cognitive variable % available data Mean z-score
Executive
 Initiation Verbal fluency (animals) 93 − 0.58
Verbal fluency (P) 93 − 0.59
 Flexibility TMT B time (sec) 96 − 1.10
TMT B-A time 97 − 0.77
TMT B-A errors 85 − 0.71
 Inhibition Stroop test interference score (IS), time 87 − 1.24
Stroop test interference-denomination, time 84 − 0.93
Stroop test IS, non-corrected errors 65 − 0.45
 Working memory Digit span forward 97 − 0.50
Digit span backward 97 − 0.51
Visual span forward 56 − 1.51
Visual span backward 56 − 1.26
Attention/processing speed
 Selective attention D2 GZ 59 − 0.80
D2 F% 59 0.20
D2 Gz-F 59 − 0.77
 Processing speed WAIS code 69 − 0.60
TMT A time (sec) 98 − 0.46
Stroop denomination time (sec) 90 − 1.17
Stroop reading time (sec) 89 − 1.54
Anterograde memory
 Encoding/retrieval processes FCRST immediate recall (/16) 97 0.0*
FCRST free delayed recall (/16) 97 − 0.57
BVMTR total recall (/36) 65 0.66
 Storage process BVMTR delayed recall (/12) 64 0.28
FCRST total delayed recall (/16) 97 − 0.67