Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (n = 198)
| Variables | n | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 198 | 75.9 ± 5.7 |
| Male sex | 198 | 119 (60.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 198 | |
| < 18.5 | 5 (2.5) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 113 (57.1) | |
| ≥ 25 | 80 (40.4) | |
| Poor subjective hearing | 198 | 85 (42.9) |
| Poor subjective visual acuity | 198 | 104 (52.5) |
| Experience of falling in the past year | 198 | 58 (29.3) |
| Living alone | 198 | 45 (22.7) |
| Poor economic condition | 198 | 45 (22.7) |
| Poor self-rated health | 198 | 32 (16.2) |
| Latest academic background | 198 | |
| Junior high school | 23 (11.6) | |
| High school | 80 (40.4) | |
| University or vocational college | 95 (48.0) | |
| Smoking | 23 (11.6) | |
| Physical activity (PASE) (points), mean ± SD | 198 | 103.5 ± 66.6 |
| Social network (LSNS-6) (points), mean ± SD | 198 | 12.8 ± 5.9 |
| Use of medication | ||
| Insulin | 198 | 40 (20.2) |
| Sulfonylureas | 198 | 19 (9.6) |
| Biguanides | 198 | 111 (56.1) |
| Thiazolidines | 198 | 27 (13.6) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 198 | 28 (14.1) |
| Glinides | 198 | 17 (8.6) |
| DPP4 inhibitors | 198 | 116 (58.6) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 198 | 100 (50.5) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 198 | 44 (22.2) |
| HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | 197 | 7.1 ± 0.9 |
| Neuropathy | 198 | 71 (35.9) |
| Retinopathy | 170 | 45 (22.7) |
| Nephropathy | 197 | 88 (44.4) |
| Stroke | 198 | 19 (9.6) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 198 | 25 (12.6) |
| Physical frailty | 198 | 49 (24.7) |
| Depression | 195 | 18 (9.1) |
| Cognitive decline | 198 | 30 (15.2) |
| Arthritis | 198 | 10 (5.1) |
| Sarcopenia | 197 | 18 (9.1) |
| Low muscle strength | 197 | 55 (27.9) |
| Higher-level competence | ||
| TMIG-IC score (points), mean ± SD | 197 | 10.7 ± 2.2 |
| IADL score (points), mean ± SD | 198 | 4.7 ± 0.8 |
| Intellectual activity score (points), mean ± SD | 198 | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
| Social role score (points), mean ± SD | 197 | 2.7 ± 1.3 |
| Malfunction status of TMIG-IC | 197 | 49 (24.9) |
| Malfunction status of IADL | 198 | 27 (13.6) |
| Malfunction status of intellectual activity | 198 | 105 (53.0) |
| Malfunction status of social role | 197 | 126 (64.0) |
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
SD standard deviations, BMI body mass index, PASE Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, LSNS-6 Lubben Social Network Scale-6, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, TMIG-IC Tokyo Metropolitan Institute Gerontology Index of Competence, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living