Table 1.
Prevalence of foods and beverages declaring partially hydrogenated oils (PHO), hydrogenated oils (HO) and/or both in the Ingredients List and trans-fatty acid (TFA) levels in Food Label Information Program (FLIP) 2013 and 2017 by food category (n 32 875)
| FLIP 2013 (n 15 286) | FLIP 2017 (n 17 589) | P * | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | g/serving | g/per 100 g | Total | g/serving | g/per 100 g | ||||||||||
| n | n | % | Mean TFA | 95 % CI | Mean TFA | 95 % CI | n | % | Mean TFA | 95 % CI | Mean TFA | 95 % CI | |||
| Foods with partially hydrogenated oils | |||||||||||||||
| TRA food category† | |||||||||||||||
| Bakery products | 2097 | 21 | 1·0 | 0·54 | 0·18, 0·90 | 0·88 | 0·40, 1·35 | 2775 | 13 | 0·5 | 1·15 | 0·66, 1·63 | 2·99 | 1·44, 4·53 | <0·001 |
| Beverages | 482 | 1 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 852 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 0·23 | ||
| Cereals and other grain Products | 1126 | 6 | 0·5 | 0·10 | –0·08, 0·28 | 0·22 | –0·24, 0·69 | 1276 | 3 | 0·2 | 0·07 | –0·22, 0·35 | 0·07 | –0·24, 0·39 | 0·32 |
| Dairy products and substitutes | 1224 | 11 | 0·9 | 0·91 | 0·54, 1·24 | 4·84 | 3·34, 6·34 | 1498 | 2 | 0·1 | 2 | n/a | 6·67 | n/a | 0·001 |
| Desserts | 829 | 22 | 2·7 | 0·12 | 0·05, 0·19 | 0·01 | –0·01, 0·02 | 679 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | <0·001 | ||
| Dessert toppings and fillings | 118 | 1 | 0·8 | 2 | n/a | 6·67 | n/a | 94 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 1 | ||
| Egg and egg substitutes | 56 | 1 | 1·8 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 61 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 0·47 | ||
| Fats and oils | 537 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 656 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Marine and fresh water animals | 442 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 446 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Fruit and fruit juices | 1078 | 1 | 0·1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1061 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 0·001 | ||
| Legumes | 182 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 188 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Meat, poultry and substitutes | 910 | 4 | 0·4 | 0·43 | –0·72, 1·57 | 0·31 | –0·51, 1·12 | 962 | 2 | 0·2 | 0·05 | –0·59, 0·69 | 0·05 | –0·59, 0·69 | 0·02 |
| Miscellaneous category | 476 | 6 | 1·3 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 578 | 4 | 0·7 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·43 |
| Combination dishes | 1231 | 23 | 1·9 | 0·43 | 0·17, 0·69 | 0·22 | 0·12, 0·32 | 1139 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | <0·001 | ||
| Nuts and seeds | 202 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 256 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams | 140 | 3 | 2·1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 132 | 1 | 0·8 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·62 |
| Salads | 70 | 2 | 2·9 | 0·30 | 0·30, 0·30 | 1·36 | 1·36, 1·36 | 131 | 1 | 0·8 | 0·20 | n/a | 0·9 | n/a | 0·004 |
| Sauces, dips, gravies and condiments | 1246 | 3 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1250 | 1 | 0·1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·37 |
| Snacks | 746 | 4 | 0·5 | 0·05 | –0·11, 0·21 | 0·10 | –0·22, 0·42 | 866 | 1 | 0·1 | 0·01 | n/a | 0·25 | n/a | 0·19 |
| Soups | 457 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 480 | 2 | 0·4 | 0·05 | –0·59, 0·59 | 0·06 | –0·68, 0·80 | 0·50 | ||
| Sugars and sweets | 796 | 7 | 0·9 | 0·11 | 0·05, 0·18 | 0·32 | 0·09, 0·55 | 1109 | 6 | 0·5 | 0·13 | 0·02, 0·24 | 0·35 | 0·07, 0·63 | 0·55 |
| Vegetables | 839 | 1 | 0·1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 871 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||
| Foods intended solely for children <4 years | 2 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 229 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Total | 15 286 | 117 | 0·8 | 0·34 | 0·24, 0·44 | 0·85 | 0·52, 1·18 | 17 589 | 36 | 0·2 | 0·57 | 0·30, 0·83 | 1·55 | 0·74, 2·36 | <0·001 |
| Foods with hydrogenated oils | |||||||||||||||
| TRA food category† | |||||||||||||||
| Bakery products | 2097 | 156 | 7·4 | 0·18 | 0·14, 0·23 | 0·49 | 0·34, 0·64 | 2775 | 116 | 4·2 | 0·13 | 0·07, 0·19 | 0·27 | 0·14, 0·40 | <0·001 |
| Beverages | 482 | 11 | 2·3 | 0·03 | –0·02, 0·07 | 0·23 | –0·13, 0·60 | 852 | 22 | 2·6 | 0 | 0, 0·01 | 0·01 | –0·01, 0·03 | 0·40 |
| Cereals and other grain products | 1126 | 47 | 4·2 | 0·03 | 0, 0·06 | 0·08 | 0·01, 0·16 | 1276 | 40 | 3·1 | 0·01 | –0·01, 0·03 | 0·03 | –0·02, 0·08 | 0·21 |
| Dairy products and substitutes | 1224 | 40 | 3·3 | 0·02 | 0, 0·03 | 0·45 | –0·11, 1·01 | 1498 | 13 | 0·9 | 0·01 | –0·01, 0·02 | 0·02 | –0·02, 0·06 | <0·001 |
| Desserts | 829 | 97 | 11·7 | 0·11 | 0·08, 0·13 | 0·02 | 0, 0·04 | 679 | 27 | 4·0 | 0·22 | 0, 0·45 | 0 | <0·001 | |
| Dessert toppings and fillings | 118 | 12 | 10·2 | 1·17 | 0·66, 1·68 | 3·31 | 1·83, 4·79 | 94 | 13 | 13·8 | 1·12 | 0·44, 1·79 | 3·42 | 1·37, 5·46 | 0·54 |
| Egg and egg substitutes | 56 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 61 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Fats and oils | 537 | 10 | 1·9 | 1·79 | 0·69, 2·89 | 18·00 | 7·08, 28·92 | 656 | 7 | 1·1 | 1·89 | 0·28, 3·49 | 18·93 | 2·92, 34·94 | 0·23 |
| Marine and fresh water animals | 442 | 1 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 446 | 1 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1 |
| Fruit and fruit juices | 1078 | 4 | 0·4 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1061 | 2 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·003 |
| Legumes | 182 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 188 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Meat, poultry and substitutes | 910 | 11 | 1·2 | 0·16 | –0·03, 0·36 | 0·17 | –0·06, 0·40 | 962 | 6 | 0·6 | 0·22 | –0·19, 0·62 | 0·07 | –0·01, 0·16 | 0·02 |
| Miscellaneous category | 476 | 63 | 13·2 | 0·13 | 0·08, 0·18 | 0·67 | 0·15, 1·19 | 578 | 35 | 6·1 | 0·16 | 0·08, 0·23 | 0·74 | –0·08, 1·57 | <0·001 |
| Combination dishes | 1231 | 127 | 10·3 | 0·60 | 0·43, 0·78 | 0·37 | 0·28, 0·45 | 1139 | 23 | 2·0 | 0·17 | 0·10, 0·25 | 0·12 | 0·07, 0·18 | <0·001 |
| Nuts and seeds | 202 | 26 | 12·9 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 256 | 25 | 9·8 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·36 |
| Potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams | 140 | 20 | 14·3 | 0·33 | 0·02, 0·64 | 0·81 | 0·33, 1·29 | 132 | 2 | 1·5 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | <0·001 |
| Salads | 70 | 4 | 5·7 | 0·18 | –0·15, 0·50 | 0·14 | –0·16, 0·44 | 131 | 4 | 3·1 | 0·55 | 0·07, 1·03 | 0·29 | 0·09, 0·49 | 0·008 |
| Sauces, dips, gravies and condiments | 1246 | 17 | 1·4 | 0·12 | 0·04, 0·21 | 0·74 | 0·27, 1·21 | 1250 | 2 | 0·2 | 0·05 | –0·59, 0·69 | 0·08 | –0·93, 1·09 | <0·001 |
| Snacks | 746 | 39 | 5·2 | 0·19 | –0·03, 0·41 | 0·42 | –0·07, 0·91 | 866 | 22 | 2·5 | 0·09 | 0·03, 0·16 | 0·19 | 0·05, 0·34 | 0·007 |
| Soups | 457 | 20 | 4·4 | 0·15 | –0·07, 0·36 | 0·06 | –0·68, 0·80 | 480 | 7 | 1·5 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·01 |
| Sugars and sweets | 796 | 61 | 7·7 | 0·12 | 0·08, 0·16 | 0·40 | 0·26, 0·55 | 1109 | 52 | 4·7 | 0·08 | 0·06, 0·11 | 0·23 | 0·17, 0·30 | 0·008 |
| Vegetables | 839 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 871 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Foods intended solely for children < 4 years | 2 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 229 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Total | 15 286 | 766 | 5·0 | 0·24 | 0·20, 0·29 | 0·71 | 0·49, 0·93 | 17 589 | 419 | 2·4 | 0·16 | 0·12, 0·21 | 0·63 | 0·30, 0·97 | <0·001 |
| Foods with partially hydrogenated oils, hydrogenated oils and/or both | |||||||||||||||
| TRA food category† | |||||||||||||||
| Bakery products | 2097 | 174 | 8·3 | 0·23 | 0·17, 0·29 | 0·54 | 0·40, 0·68 | 2775 | 127 | 4·6 | 0·21 | 0·13, 0·29 | 0·48 | 0·26, 0·70 | <0·001 |
| Beverages | 482 | 12 | 2·5 | 0·03 | –0·01, 0·06 | 0·21 | –0·12, 0·55 | 852 | 22 | 2·6 | 0 | 0, 0·01 | 0·01 | –0·01, 0·03 | 0·42 |
| Cereals and other grain products | 1126 | 53 | 4·7 | 0·04 | 0·01, 0·07 | 0·10 | 0·02, 0·17 | 1276 | 43 | 3·4 | 0·02 | 0, 0·04 | 0·04 | –0·01, 0·08 | 0·11 |
| Dairy products and substitutes | 1224 | 51 | 4·2 | 0·21 | 0·09, 0·33 | 1·40 | 0·58, 1·24 | 1498 | 15 | 1·0 | 0·27 | –0·12, 0·66 | 0·97 | –0·43, 2·36 | 0·001 |
| Desserts | 829 | 114 | 13·8 | 0·11 | 0·09, 0·14 | 0·02 | 0, 0·03 | 679 | 27 | 4·0 | 0·22 | 0, 0·45 | 0 | n/a | <0·001 |
| Dessert toppings and fillings | 118 | 13 | 11·0 | 1·23 | 0·75, 1·72 | 3·57 | 2·11, 5·03 | 94 | 13 | 13·8 | 1·12 | 0·44, 1·79 | 3·42 | 1·37, 5·46 | 0·68 |
| Egg and egg substitutes | 56 | 1 | 1·8 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 61 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 0·47 | ||
| Fats and oils | 537 | 10 | 1·9 | 1·79 | 0·69, 2·89 | 18·00 | 7·08, 28·92 | 656 | 7 | 1·1 | 1·89 | 0·28, 3·49 | 18·9 | 2·92, 34·94 | 0·23 |
| Marine and fresh water animals | 442 | 1 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 446 | 1 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1 |
| Fruit and fruit juices | 1078 | 5 | 0·5 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 1061 | 2 | 0·2 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·002 |
| Legumes | 182 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 188 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Meat, poultry and substitutes | 910 | 15 | 1·6 | 0·23 | 0, 0·47 | 0·20 | –0·01, 0·41 | 962 | 8 | 0·8 | 0·17 | –0·11, 0·46 | 0·07 | 0·01, 0·13 | 0·01 |
| Miscellaneous category | 476 | 69 | 14·5 | 0·12 | 0·07, 0·17 | 0·61 | 0·14, 1·09 | 578 | 38 | 6·6 | 0·14 | 0·07, 0·22 | 0·69 | –0·08, 1·45 | <0·001 |
| Combination dishes | 1231 | 149 | 12·1 | 0·56 | 0·41, 0·72 | 0·34 | 0·27, 0·42 | 1139 | 23 | 2·0 | 0·17 | 0·10, 0·25 | 0·12 | 0·07, 0·18 | <0·001 |
| Nuts and seeds | 202 | 26 | 12·9 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 256 | 25 | 9·8 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 0·36 |
| Potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams | 140 | 23 | 16·4 | 0·29 | 0·01, 0·56 | 0·71 | 0·28, 1·14 | 132 | 3 | 2·3 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | <0·001 |
| Salads | 70 | 6 | 8·6 | 0·22 | 0·04, 0·40 | 0·55 | –0·13, 1·23 | 131 | 5 | 3·8 | 0·48 | 0·10, 0·86 | 0·41 | 0·04, 0·78 | 0·01 |
| Sauces, dips, gravies and condiments | 1246 | 20 | 1·6 | 0·11 | 0·03, 0·18 | 0·63 | 0·21, 1·04 | 1250 | 3 | 0·2 | 0·03 | –0·11, 0·18 | 0·05 | –0·17, 0·28 | 0·001 |
| Snacks | 746 | 42 | 5·6 | 0·18 | –0·02, 0·38 | 0·40 | –0·05, 0·85 | 866 | 23 | 2·7 | 0·09 | 0·03, 0·15 | 0·20 | 0·06, 0·34 | 0·003 |
| Soups | 457 | 20 | 4·4 | 0·15 | –0·07, 0·36 | 1·35 | 0·06, 2·64 | 480 | 9 | 1·9 | 0·01 | –0·01, 0·04 | 0·01 | –0·02, 0·04 | 0·04 |
| Sugars and sweets | 796 | 66 | 8·3 | 0·12 | 0·08, 0·16 | 0·40 | 0·27, 0·54 | 1109 | 56 | 5·0 | 0·09 | 0·06, 0·11 | 0·24 | 0·17, 0·30 | 0·005 |
| Vegetables | 839 | 1 | 0·1 | 0 | n/a | 0 | n/a | 871 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 0·04 | ||
| Foods intended solely for children <4 years | 2 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | 229 | 0 | 0·0 | n/a | n/a | – | ||||
| Total | 15 286 | 871 | 5·7 | 0·26 | 0·22, 0·30 | 0·74 | 0·54, 0·93 | 17 589 | 450 | 2·6 | 0·19 | 0·14, 0·24 | 0·69 | 0·38, 1·01 | <0·001 |
TRA, table of reference amounts.
*
Differences in proportions of products carrying PHO, HO and/or both between years were determined using χ 2 test or Fisher test.
†
As defined in the TRA(69).