Fig. 2.

Forest plot of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation frequency

(Experimental: Liriope Tuber included Traditional Herbal Medicine + Conventional Medicine; Control: Conventional Medicine only). The meta-analysis was conducted using RStudio software. The results were presented as standardized mean difference with 95 % confidence intervals. A random-effects model was employed for the meta-analysis with a significance level of 0.05. Additionally, the results from a common effect model were provided for sensitivity analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-square test and Higgins I² statistic. In the chi-squared test, a significance level of 0.10 was employed.

SD; Standard Deviation; SMD; Standardized Mean Difference.