Table 1.
Detailed characteristics of included studies.
| Year_ First author |
Clinical setting | Sample size (Initial E:C → Final E:C) |
Mean age (year) |
Sex (M:F) |
Intervention | Treatment period (wk) |
Outcome (Primary, secondary) |
Outcome (Others) |
Funding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014_Chen56 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
30 : 32 | Total: 59.3 ± 6.2 | NR | (E) JXPL (6 g*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | None | SRM, NT-proBNP, ALD | Y |
| 2014_He57 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
40 : 40 | (E) 70.5 ± 5.27 (C) 71.61±5.41 |
(E) 20:20 (C) 22:18 |
(E) JXPL (6 g*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
48 | LVEF, LAD | LVIDd, LVST, LVPWT | Y |
| 2014_Chen58 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
30 : 32 | Total: 59.3 ± 6.17 | NR | (E) JXPL (6 g*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | hs-CRP | SRM | Y |
| 2021_Cui59 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
35:35 → 33:32 | (E) 61.91±10.85 (C) 60.38±9.25 |
(E) 18:15 (C) 16:16 |
(E) GZFL (200ml*qd) (C) Warfarin + Metoprolol |
8 | PAF Frequency | IL-6, TNF-α, TCM symptom score, AFEQT score | N |
| 2019_Pan60 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
30 : 30 | (E) 61.1 ± 8.4 (C) 63.0 ± 7.6 |
(E) 17 : 13 (C) 14 : 16 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | None | Left ventricular systolic GLS, mSRs, mSRe, mSRa, TER | Y |
| 2011_Ma43 | single center (Hospital) |
31 : 30 | (E) 56.83±7.25 (C) 56.42±7.51 |
NR | (E) LTHM (100ml*bid) (C) Amiodarone |
8 | hs-CRP, LAD | SRM | Y |
| 2019_Zhang61 | single center (Hospital) |
23 : 23 → 20 : 20 | (E) 72.55±8.46 (C) 72.85±8.10 |
(E) 9:11 (C) 8:12 |
(E) CGBF (NR) (C) Metoprolol |
8 | PAF Frequency, LAD | DCG, TCM symptom score | N |
| 2022_Wu62 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
22 : 26 | (E) 69.20±9.70 (C) 71.73±8.00 |
(E) 13:9 (C) 13:13 |
(E) CGBF (NR) (C) Metoprolol |
8 | PAF Frequency | DCG, TCM symptom score | Y |
| 2018_Jiao63 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
54 : 54 | (E) 56.9 ± 6.21 (C) 56.7 ± 6.26 |
(E) 26 : 28 (C) 24 : 30 |
(E) JXPL (6 g*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
16 | LAD | MMP-2, TER | NR |
| 2013_Luo64 | single center (Hospital, OP) |
30 : 30 | (E) 62.50±7.19 (C) 63.90±6.59 |
(E) 15 : 15 (C) 17 : 13 |
(E) YXXF (200ml*bid) (C) Usual care |
12 | PAF Frequency, Pd, hs-CRP, LAD | DCG, HRV, Pmax, NT-proBNP, TCM symptom score, TER | N |
| 2021_Ying65 | single center (Hospital) |
63 : 63 | (E) 57.02±5.49 (C) 56.14±5.06 |
(E) 36 : 27 (C) 34 : 29 |
(E) YXDJ(6C*bid) (C) Irbesartan + Amiodarone + Warfarin or Aspirin |
8 | PAF Frequency | SRM, ROS, AOPP, LARV, LACV, LAAEF, Peak-A, TCM symptom score | NR |
| 2018_Pan40 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
36 : 36 | (E) 59.2 ± 7.1 (C) 58.7 ± 6.5 |
(E) 20 : 16 (C) 21 : 15 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
12 | hs-CRP, LVEF, LAD | MMP-2, TER | NR |
| 2015_Liu66 | single center (Hospital) |
30 : 30 | Total: 56 | Total: 34 : 26 | (E) LTHM (300ml*qd) (C) Propafenone |
12 | Pd, PAF Frequency | Pmax, TCM symptom score | NR |
| 2017_Chen67 | single center (Hospital) |
30 : 30 | (E) 54.1 ± 7.7 (C) 52.2 ± 6.5 |
(E) 19 : 11 (C) 16 : 14 |
(E) ZGC (NR) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | Pd, hs-CRP | NT-proBNP, ALD, Pmax, TER | Y |
| 2009_Luo68 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
54 : 52 | (E) 58±15 (C) 55±10 |
(E) 41 : 13 (C) 40 : 12 |
(E) LTHM (100ml*tid) (C) Usual care |
12 | PAF Frequency | None | NR |
| 2021_Mu69 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
32 : 32 → 30 : 30 | (E) 45.67±7.28 (C) 46.20±6.47 |
(E) 12 : 18 (C) 16 : 14 |
(E) LTHM (200ml*bid) (C) Usual care |
12 | PAF Frequency, Pd, LAD | HbA1C, TCM symptom score, TER | N |
| 2016_Huang41 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
30 : 30 | (E) 72.46±7.1 (C) 72.96±6.8 |
(E) 16 : 14 (C) 13 : 17 |
(E) LTHM (NR) (C) Usual care |
8 | hs-CRP, LAD, LVEF | IL-6, TNF-α, FS, TCM symptom score, TER | Y |
| 2017_Liu70 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
34 : 34 | (E) 52.37±8.62 (C) 51.24±7.93 |
(E) 19 : 15 (C) 18 : 16 |
(E) LTHM (2c*bid) (C) Metoprolol |
16 | hs-CRP, PAF Frequency, Pd | Pmax, Pmin, TER | NR |
| 2022_Ge71 | single center (Hospital) |
40 : 40 | (E) 55.1 ± 4.0 (C) 55.4 ± 4.2 |
(E) 22 :18 (C) 23 : 17 |
(E) XJHY (3c*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | LAD, LVEF | Recurrence of atrial fibrillation | Y |
| 2015_Fan72 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
56 : 56 | (E) 57.29±4.69 (C) 58.39±5.36 |
(E) 27 : 29 (C) 29 : 27 |
(E) SSYX (3c*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
24 | LAD, LVEF | LVIDd, LVIDs | NR |
| 2012_Jin73 | single center (Hospital) |
24 : 21 : 22 | (E) 68.61±5.12 (C1) 63.94±14.26 (C2) 66.03±14.17 |
(E) 14 : 10 (C1) 12 : 9 (C2) 10 : 12 |
(E) SSYX (3c*tid) (C1) SSYX (C2) Metoprolol |
12 | hs-CRP, Pd, LAD | Pmax | Y |
| 2007_Wu74 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
54 : 58 : 55 | (E) 59±4 (C1) 56±3 (C2) 58±5 |
(E) 30 : 24 (C1) 34 : 24 (C2) 32 : 23 |
(E) SSYX (NR) (C1) SSYX (C2) Metoprolol |
12 | Pd | None | NR |
| 2012_Tang75 | NR | 51 : 51 → 50 : 50 | (E) 75.7 (C) 76.3 |
(E) 24 : 27 (C) 21 : 30 |
(E) SSYX (2∼4c*3∼4/d) (C) Usual care |
16 | PAF Frequency | SRM | NR |
| 2013_Shao76 | single center (Hospital) |
40 : 40 | (E) 67.7 ± 5.2 (C) 68.1 ± 5.7 |
(E) 23 : 17 (C) 22 : 18 |
(E) SSYX (3c*tid) (C) Rosuvastatin |
8 | PAF Frequency | TER | NR |
| 2021_Pan77 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
30 : 30 | NR | NR | (E) SSYX (4c*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | PAF Frequency, LAD, LVEF | LAVmax, LAVmin, LAVIpre, LAVImin | Y |
| 2012_Lu78 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
58 : 56 → 56 : 53 | (E) 57.2 ± 8.4 (C) 56.3 ± 8.3 |
(E) 24 : 34 (C) 26 : 30 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Aspirin + Simvastatin |
24 | LAD, LVEF, Pd | Whole blood high and low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, Red blood cell aggregation and deformation index, fibrinogen, Pmax, Pmin | NR |
| 2010_Han79 | single center (Hospital) |
50 : 50 → 47 : 48 | (E) 59±12.6 (C) 57±11.3 |
(E) 34 : 13 (C) 36 : 12 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
24 | PAF Frequency | None | NR |
| 2020_Liu80 | single center (Hospital) |
38 : 38 | (E) 71.3 ± 5.5 (C) 70.1 ± 5.1 |
(E) 20 : 18 (C) 19 : 19 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Bisoprolol |
24 | LAD | NT-proBNP, TER | Y |
| 2022_Chen81 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
110 : 110 | (E) 62.22±9.17 (C) 61.48±8.04 |
(E) 50 : 60 (C) 62 : 48 |
(E) SSYX (1C*tid) (C) Sacubitril/Valsartan |
24 | hs-CRP, LVEF | BNP, Angiotensin 2, LVIDd, LVIDs | Y |
| 2010_Liu82 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
40 : 40 → 38 : 37 | (E) 63±6 (C) 62±7 |
(E) 23 : 17 (C) 25 : 15 |
(E) SSYX (3c*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
96 | LAD, LVEF | LVIDd, LVIDs, TER | NR |
| 2019_Li83 | single center (Hospital, IP) |
43 : 43 | (E) 61.74±4.17 (C) 60.48±3.97 |
(E) 23 : 20 (C) 21 : 22 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
8 | LVEF | BUN, SCr, ALT, Mean ventricular rate, TER | NR |
| 2021_Xiao84 | single center (Hospital) | 55 : 55 | (E) 52.56±8.92 (C) 52.84±8.37 |
(E) 29 : 26 (C) 30 : 25 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
24 | PAF Frequency, QoL(MLHFQ), 6MWD | TER | Y |
| 2013_Cao85 | single center (Hospital, IP) | 58 : 58 | (E) 62.1 ± 9.3 (C) 61.3 ± 9.7 |
(E) 34 : 24 (C) 35 : 23 |
(E) SSYX (2∼4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
20 | PAF Frequency, Pd, 6MWD | Pmax | NR |
| 2010_Sheng86 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
30 : 30 | (E) 55.7 (C) 56.3 |
(E) 16 : 14 (C) 15 : 15 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
24 | PAF Frequency, QoL(MLHFQ), 6MWD | None | NR |
| 2012_Men87 | single center (Hospital) | 42 : 42 | (E) 63.5 ± 7.2 (C) 64.6 ± 6.9 |
(E) 31 : 11 (C) 32 : 10 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
12 | PAF Frequency, QoL(MLHFQ) | None | NR |
| 2011_Wang88 | multicenter (11) (Hospital, OP) |
107 : 107 : 105 → 106 : 106 : 99 |
(E) 60.1 ± 10.1 (C1) 58±12 (C2) 63±9 |
(E) 54 : 52 (C1) 71 : 35 (C2) 59: 40 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C1) Propafenone placebo + SSYX (C2) Propafenone + SSYX Placebo |
8 | PAF Frequency, | TCM symptom score, TER | Y |
| 2007_Han89 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
60 : 60 → 54 : 52 | (E) 58±16 (C) 54±11 |
(E) 41 : 13 (C) 40 : 12 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
12 | PAF Frequency, QoL(MLHFQ), 6MWD | None | Y |
| 2013_Liu90 | single center (Hospital) | 59 : 52 : 56 | (E) 74.4 ± 16.3 (C1) 75.4 ± 16.1 (C2) 72.4 ± 15.2 |
(E) 30 : 29 (C1) 29 : 23 (C2) 31 : 25 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C1) SSYX (C2) Amiodarone |
8 | Pd | None | NR |
| 2012_Peng91 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
25 : 25 | (E) 65.8 ± 5.5 (C) 64.8 ± 5.3 |
(E) 13 : 12 (C) 14 : 11 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Indapamide |
12 | Pd | Pmax | NR |
| 2014_Kang92 | single center (Hospital, IP) | 40 : 40 | (E) 52.1 ± 3.3 (C) 50.3 ± 2.5 |
(E) 19 : 21 (C) 24 : 16 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
24 | LVEF | TER | NR |
| 2016_Li42 | single center (Hospital) | 45 : 45 | (E) 62.3 ± 5.5 (C) 63.4 ± 5.6 |
(E) 24 : 21 (C) 23 : 22 |
(E) SSYX (3C*tid) (C) Amiodarone |
4 | hs-CRP, LAD | MMP-2, TER | NR |
| 2011_Liu93 | single center (Hospital, IP and OP) |
60 : 60 → 55 : 53 | (E) 57±13 (C) 55±10 |
(E) 40 : 15 (C) 39 : 14 |
(E) SSYX (4C*tid) (C) Usual care |
12 | PAF Frequency, QoL(MLHFQ), 6MWD | None | NR |
| 2018_Zhou94 | single center (Hospital, OP) |
59 : 59 | (E) 55.6 ± 3.1 (C) 55.1 ± 3.7 |
(E) 27 :32 (C) 28 : 31 |
(E) SSYX (3C*tid) (C) Valsartan |
4 | LAD, hs-CRP | NO, ET-1, TNF-a, IL-6, SRM, LVIDd, LVIDs, LVMI | NR |
6MWD, 6 Min walking distance; ALD, Aldosterone; AFEQT, Atrial fibrillation effect on qualiTy-of-life; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AOPP, Advanced oxidative protein products; BNP, Brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; DCG, Dynamic electrocardiogram; ET-1, Human endothelin-1; FS, Fractional shortening; GLS, Global longitudinal strain; HRV, Heart rate variability; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IP, In patients; LAAEF, Left atrial appendage ejection fraction; LACV, Left atrial cavity volume; LAD, Left atrium diameter; LARV, Left atrial reservoir volume; LAV, Left atrial volume; LAVI, Left atrial volume index; LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVIDd, Left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole; LVIDs: : Left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole; LVMI, Left ventricular mass index; LVPWT, Left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVST, Left ventricular septal thickness; mmp-2, Matrix metalloproteinase-2; mSRa, mean late diastolic peak strain rate; mSRe, mean early diastolic peak strain rate; mSRs, mean systolic peak strain rate; NO, Nitric oxide; NR, Not reported; OP, Out patients; PAF, Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; Pd, P-wave dispersion; Pmax, The maximum P-wave duration; Pmin, The minimum P-wave duration; QoL(MLHFQ), Quality of life(The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire); ROS, Reactive oxygen species SCr, Serum creatinine; SRM, Sinus rhythm maintenance; TCM, Traditional chinese medicine; TER, Total effective rate; TNF-a, Tumor necrosis factor-a.