Table 2.

GRADE recommendation.

Certainty assessment							№ of patients		Effect		Certainty	Importance
№ of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Liriope Tuber included traditional herbal medicine	Conventional Medicine	Relative (95 % CI)	Absolute (95 % CI)
PAF Frequency
16	randomised trials	seriousa	seriousb,c	seriousd	not serious	none	634	632	–	SMD 0.99 SD fewer (1.4 fewer to 0.57 fewer)	⨁⨁◯◯ Low	CRITICAL
LAD
16	randomised trials	seriousa	seriousc	seriousd	not serious	none	406	401	–	MD 2.39 lower (3.09 lower to 1.68 lower)	⨁⨁◯◯ Low	CRITICAL
hs-CRP
8	randomised trials	seriousa	seriousc	seriousd	not serious	none	348	345	–	MD 1.10 lower (1.73 lower to 0.47 lower)	⨁⨁◯◯ Low	IMPORTANT
Pd
10	randomised trials	seriousa	seriousc	seriousd	not serious	none	357	356	–	MD 6.41 lower (8.44 lower to 4.37 lower)	⨁⨁◯◯ Low	IMPORTANT
LVEF
7	randomised trials	seriousa	seriousc	seriousd	not serious	none	626	620	–	MD 4.71 more (3.17 more to 6.25 more)	⨁⨁◯◯ Low	IMPORTANT

CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; SMD, standardised mean difference, PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, LAD, Left atrium diameter, Pd, P-wave dispersion, LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction.

Explanations.

^a. All studies were assessed for some concerns or high risk of bias.

^b. The units of measurement are different, and the explanation is not clear.

^c. Substantial or considerable heterogeneity.

^d. The interventions were complex, with Liriope Tuber being only one component of the regimen.