Table 1.

Validity and reliability data of the COLE survey (N = 616).

Dimensions, items, and descriptive statistics	Factor loadings
Factor 1: meeting the requirements (MR), mean = 3.02, S.D. = 1.04, Cronbach alpha = 0.95
MR-1 I learn English mainly for school requirements.	0.83
MR-2 I learn English mainly for conforming to school curriculum.	0.86
MR-3 I learn English mainly for finishing the school tasks.	0.85
MR-4 I learn English mainly for following the teachers' instructions.	0.80
Factor 2: memorizing (Me), mean = 3.10, S.D. = 0.80, Cronbach alpha = 0.87
Me-1 Learning English is to memorize contents in the textbooks.	0.69
Me-2 Learning English is to memorize what the teacher said in class.	0.72
Me-3 Learning English is to memorize grammars and sentence structures.	0.69
Me-4 Learning English is like learning other liberal arts courses. What is the most important is to memorize the contents of the textbook.	0.73
Me-5 Learning English is to memorize rules of pronunciation.	0.66
Factor 3: testing (Te), mean = 2.75, S.D. = 0.95, Cronbach alpha = 0.89
Te-1 I would not learn English if there were no exams.	0.83
Te-2 Learning English didn't help me much beyond exams, so I could get along fine without English.	0.82
Te-3 I learn English mainly for passing the exams.	0.75
Te-4 I learn English mostly due to exams.	0.61
Factor 4: drills and practice (DP), mean = 3.67, S.D. = 0.68, Cronbach alpha = 0.85
DP-1 Learning English is to practice, including listening, speaking, reading, writing, and translating.	0.78
DP-2 Learning English is to constantly practice how to solve problems.	0.69
DP-3 After I practice a lot, I think I will do better in English classes.	0.70
DP-4 To learn English well, I have to practice pronunciation constantly.	0.57
DP-5 Learning English has a lot to do with repeated practice.	0.71
Factor 5: increasing knowledge (IK), mean = 3.72, S.D. = 0.74, Cronbach alpha = 0.85
IK-1 When teachers are teaching me new words and sentences, I am learning English.	0.74
IK-2 Learning English is to correctly pronounce new words and sentences.	0.58
IK-3 When my English knowledge increases, I think this is English learning.	0.72
Factor 6: applying (Ap), mean = 3.59, S.D. = 0.70, Cronbach alpha = 0.93
Ap-1 Learning English is mainly to understand some foreign materials, like English instructions, to improve the quality of life.	0.62
Ap-2 Learning English is mainly to better communicate with foreigners.	0.77
Ap-3 Learning English is mainly to go abroad for sightseeing.	0.81
Ap-4 Learning English is mainly to go abroad for further study.	0.76
Ap-5 Learning English is mainly to make friends with foreigners.	0.80
Ap-6 Learning English is mainly to appreciate foreign films and television programs.	0.75
Ap-7 Learning English is mainly to make life more convenient.	0.60
Ap-8 Learning English is mainly for future work needs.	0.58
Factor 7: Understanding (Und), mean = 3.65, S.D. = 0.73, Cronbach alpha = 0.91
Und-1 I learn English mainly to understand the rules of grammar and pronunciation.	0.72
Und-2 I learn English mainly to understand the relationships between grammatical concepts.	0.72
Und-3 I learn English mainly to understand the differences between different languages.	0.59
Factor 8: seeing in a new way (Se), mean = 3.91, S.D. = 0.70, Cronbach alpha = 0.96
Se-1 Learning English enables me to understand more cultures and various social phenomena.	0.81
Se-2 I learn English mainly to broaden my horizon.	0.82
Se-3 I learn English to understand social phenomena or things in the world in a new perspective.	0.85
Se-4 Learning English can change my way to understand social phenomena or things in the world.	0.84
Se-5 Learning English is a way for me to understand multiculturalism.	0.81
Se-6 Learning English gives a different outlook on life.	0.79

Overall alpha = 0.84, total variance explained = 75.72%.