Table 4.
Longitudinal associations of cumulative sedentary time and physical activity from ages 11 through 24 years with the progressive change in left ventricular mass and diastolic function from ages 17 through 24 years according to overweight/obesity and elevated blood pressure status at age 24 years
| LVMI2.7(g/m2.7) | RWT (cm) | LVDF (E/A) | LVFP (E/eʹ) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Overweight/obese ≥25 kg/m2 (n = 535) | ||||||||
| Sedentary time | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.011 (0.009–0.013) | <0.0001 | 0.000 (0.000–0.000) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.000–0.001) | <0.001 | 0.001 (0.001–0.001) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.006 (0.003–0.009) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.000–0.000) | 0.002 | 0.000 (0.000–0.000) | 0.566 | 0.000 (0.000–0.001) | 0.040 |
| Light-intensity physical activity | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.011 (−0.014 to −0.009) | <0.0001 | −0.000 (−0.000 to −0.000) | <0.001 | −0.001 (−0.001–0.000) | <0.001 | −0.001 (−0.002 to −0.001) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | −0.007 (−0.010 to −0.004) | <0.001 | −0.000 (−0.000 to −0.000) | 0.011 | 0.000 (−0.000–0.001) | <0.001 | −0.001 (−0.001 to −0.001) | <0.001 |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.005 (−0.013–0.004) | 0.298 | −0.000 (0.000–0.000) | 0.148 | −0.001 (−0.001–0.000) | 0.006 | −0.001 (−0.002–0.000) | 0.062 |
| Model 2 | 0.004 (−0.005–0.013) | 0.347 | −0.000 (−0.000–0.000) | 0.947 | 0.000 (−0.000–0.000) | 0.200 | 0.000 (−0.001–0.001) | 0.825 |
| Elevated and hypertensive systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg (n = 170) | ||||||||
| Sedentary time | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.012 (0.008–0.016) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.0001–0.000) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.000–0.001) | 0.002 | 0.001 (0.000–0.001) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.006 (0.001–0.011) | 0.011 | 0.0001 (0.0001–0.000) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.000–0.001) | <0.001 | 0.002 (0.001–0.002) | <0.001 |
| Light-intensity physical activity | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.014 (−0.018 to −0.009) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.000 to −0.0001) | <0.001 | 0.000 (0.000–0.000) | 0.282 | 0.000 (0.000–0.001) | 0.675 |
| Model 2 | −0.010 (−0.015 to −0.005) | <0.001 | −0.000 (−0.000–0.0001) | 0.076 | 0.000 (0.001–0.0001) | 0.276 | 0.001 (0.001–0.002) | <0.001 |
| Moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.003 (−0.016–0.011) | 0.674 | −0.000 (0.000–0.000) | 0.099 | −0.001 (−0.001 to −0.0001) | 0.037 | 0.001 (−0.001–0.003) | 0.277 |
| Model 2 | 0.005 (−0.008–0.018) | 0.466 | −0.000 (0.000–0.000) | 0.638 | 0.000 (−0.001–0.000) | 0.112 | 0.002 (0.000–0.004) | 0.101 |
Model 1 was adjusted for age at baseline and other time-varying covariates measured at both baseline and follow-up such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, glucose, smoking status, family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease, socioeconomic status in addition to systolic blood pressure and fat mass, lean mass depending on overweight or hypertensive category. Model 2 was additional adjustment for sedentary time, light-intensity physical activity, or moderate-to-vigorous--intensity physical activity depending on the predictor. Skewed covariates were logarithmically transformed. Regression coefficients (β) were computed from generalized linear mixed-effect model for repeated measures. A two-sided P <0.05 is considered statistically significant and bolded. Multiple testing was corrected with Sidak correction. Multiple imputations were used to account for missing variables. For continuous variable predictors (ST, LPA, and MVPA), a 1-min change is associated with the point estimate unit change in the outcome.
CI, confidence interval; LVDF, left ventricular diastolic function; LVFP, left ventricular filling pressure; LVMI2.7, left ventricular mass indexed for height2.7; RWT, relative wall thickness.