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. 2024 Sep 6;43:253. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03177-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Representative immunohistochemistry patterns of HSF1 protein in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA; n = 186) and corresponding non-tumorous livers. The upper panels show a human normal liver (NL) displaying weak to moderate HSF1 immunoreactivity in hepatocytes and biliary cells (indicated by arrows). Staining of cholangiocytes (indicated by arrows) is better appreciable in the inset. Middle panels show the immunohistochemical staining of HSF1 in a non-tumorous surrounding tissue and one human iCCA specimen. The staining pattern for HSF1 is significantly more pronounced in the tumor compartment (T) compared with the neighboring non-tumorous surrounding tissue (ST), which exhibits faint HSF1 staining. Lower panels depict a second tumor (iCC2), characterized by intense nuclear HSF1 immunoreactivity. CK19 staining was used as a biliary marker. Abbreviation: H&E, hematoxylin and eosin staining. Original magnifications: 200x in the upper and lower panels, 100x in the middle panels, and 400x in the inset. Scale bar: 100 µm in the top and low panels, 200 µm in the middle panels