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. 2024 Sep 6;22:548. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02817-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Loss of cristae by S. aureus EV infection. (A) 3D reconstructed HVEM images of epithelial keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells treated with S. aureus (left) or S. epidermidis (right) EVs after 30 min of EV infection at different angles, showing the loss of cristae by S. aureus EV infection. Schematic diagrams are shown together. (B) Representative two-color STORM images showing the outer membrane protein TOM22 of mitochondria (green) and cristae immunolabeled for ATP synthase (magenta) in HaCaT cells treated with S. aureus (left) or S. epidermidis (right) EVs after 30 min of EV infection. Enlargement of the boxed region is shown together at the bottom. (C) Quantitative analysis of the outer membrane protein and cristae using their mean localization densities in a mitochondrion from STORM images (n = 10, mean ± SD) and for the number of cristae in a mitochondrion from TEM images. (n = 10, mean ± SD) (ns: p > 0.05, ***p < 0.001) Scale bars: (A) 300 nm. (B) 5 μm (top), 1 μm (bottom)