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. 2024 Sep 6;22:548. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02817-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Transformation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) between sheet and tubular structures by EV infection. (A) Representative STORM images of ER in epithelial keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells treated with S. aureus EVs (left) or S. epidermidis EVs (right) after 30 min of EV infection. Enlargement of the boxed region is shown at the bottom. Schematic diagrams are shown together. (B) Quantitative analysis of the ultrastructural changes of the ER in terms of the percentage of sheet-like and tubular structures. (n = 10, mean ± SD) (C) Representative STORM images of lysosomes in HaCaT cells treated with S. aureus EVs (left) or S. epidermidis EVs (right) after 30 min of EV infection. Enlargement of the boxed region is shown together at the bottom. Schematic diagrams are shown together. Dashed lines: cell membrane boundary (blue) and nucleus boundary (red). (D) Quantitative analysis of the radial distribution of lysosomes from the center of the nucleus. (n = 10) (ns: p > 0.05, ***p < 0.001) Scale bars: (A) 5 μm (top), 1 μm (bottom). (C) 5 μm (top), 1 μm (bottom)