Table 2.
Factors associated with bone fractures among reproductive-age women (N = 1,730).
| CHARACTERISTICS | BONE FRACTURES, N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| YES | NO | P-VALUE | |
| Age category (year) | |||
| 35–39 | 20 (4.3) | 448 (95.7) | 0.274 |
| 40–44 | 18 (2.8) | 634 (97.2) | |
| 45–49 | 26 (4.3) | 584 (95.7) | |
| Location | |||
| Urban | 28 (3.6) | 755 (96.4) | 0.805 |
| Rural | 36 (3.8) | 911 (96.2) | |
| Education level | |||
| Low | 46 (3.3) | 1,521 (96.1) | 0.118 |
| High | 18 (5.1) | 145 (98.0) | |
| Employment status# (n = 1,424) | |||
| Employed | 25 (3.6) | 676 (96.4) | 0.660 |
| Unemployed | 29 (4.0) | 694 (96.0) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Currently married | 61(3.9) | 1,521 (96.1) | 0.260 |
| Single and/or widowed | 3 (2.0) | 145 (98.0) | |
| BMI | |||
| Obese | 17 (4.3) | 375 (95.7) | 0.447 |
| Non-obese | 47 (3.5) | 1,291 (96.5) | |
| Co-morbidity (diabetes mellitus) | |||
| Yes | 8 (7.8) | 94 (92.2) | 0.044 a* |
| No | 56 (3.4) | 1,572 (96.6) | |
| Co-morbidity (hypertension) | |||
| Yes | 10 (4.0) | 237 (96.0) | 0.754 |
| No | 54 (3.6) | 1,429 (96.4) | |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Active smoking# (n = 1,725) | |||
| Yes | 1 (2.9) | 34 (97.1) | 1.000a |
| No | 62 (3.7) | 1,628 (96.3) | |
| Passive smoking# (n = 1,691) | |||
| Yes | 43 (6.3) | 635 (93.7) | <0.001* |
| No | 17 (1.7) | 996 (98.3) | |
| Physical activity# (n = 1,628) | |||
| Low | 36 (3.4) | 1,012 (96.6) | 0.845 |
| High | 21 (3.6) | 559 (96.4) | |
| Micronutrients | |||
| Minerals | |||
| Calcium mg/day | |||
| <RNI 1,000 mg/day | 55 (3.7) | 1,416 (96.3) | 0.836 |
| ≥RNI 1,000 mg/day | 9 (3.5) | 250 (96.5) | |
| Trace elements | |||
| Phosphorus mg/day | |||
| <RNI 700 mg/day | 5 (2.5) | 197 (97.5) | 0.327 |
| ≥RNI 700 mg/day | 59 (3.9) | 1,469 (96.1) | |
| Magnesium mg/day | |||
| <RNI 320 mg/day | 64 (3.7) | 1,661 (96.3) | 1.000a |
| ≥RNI 320 mg/day | 0 (0) | 5 (100.0) | |
| Vitamins | |||
| Vitamin C mg/day | |||
| <RNI 70 mg/day | 23 (4.7) | 467 (95.3) | 0.168 |
| ≥RNI 70 mg/day | 41 (3.3) | 1,199 (96.7) | |
| Vitamin K μg/day | |||
| <RNI 55 μg/day | 58 (3.9) | 1,426 (96.1) | 0.258 |
| ≥RNI 55 μg/day | 6 (2.4) | 240 (97.6) | |
*Significant at p-value <0.05; a = Yates correction; #the total numbers (n) are not equal to 1,730 due to missing values