| PURE | Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological Study |
| RESTU | Risk Epidemiological Study |
| FFQs | Food Frequency Questionnaires |
| RNI | Recommended Nutrient Intakes |
| PHRI | Population Health Research Institute |
| MyFCD | Malaysian Food Composition Database |
| USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
| IPAQ | International Physical Activity Questionnaire |
| MET | Metabolic Equivalent |
| BMI | Body Mass Index |
| T2DM | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| BMD | Bone Mineral Density |
| BMC | Bone Mineral Content |
| MANS | Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey |
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