Fig. 5.

Herbivore diversity significantly affected nine outcome variables, mainly related to plant community and plant abundance, as assessed using intercept only models on the 47 outcome variables reported by at least five articles. Number of articles and studies (in brackets) are indicated for each outcome variable in small font to the left of the graphs. Circles represent overall effect sizes with colour indicating the magnitude of the effect. Thin lines represent prediction intervals and thicker lines (often hidden behind the overall effect size) represent confidence intervals. Significance of the effect is indicated with darker colours and asterisks (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)