Table 5.

Two-system GMM results on the effects of investments in agric. Innovation on average dietary energy supply adequacy prevalence of under-nourishment.

	Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy			Prevalence of Under-Nourishment
	Baseline Models	Agric. Res.	Agric. R&D	Baseline Models	Agric. Res.	Agric. R&D
Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacyt-1	1.412***	0.999***	0.702***
	(0.299)	(0.246)	(0.101)
Prevalence of Under-Nourishmentt-1				−0.244***	0.711**	1.219***
				(0.057)	(0.354)	(0.098)
Population Growth		0.014	0.046	−0.037	−0.028	−0.181**
		(0.021)	(0.035)	(0.024)	(0.160)	(0.083)
Food CPI	−0.036**	−0.042**	0.004	0.136	0.183	0.090
	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.014)	(0.092)	(0.129)	(0.077)
Food per capita	−0.035	0.131*	0.089		−0.964**	0.161
	(0.073)	(0.076)	(0.080)		(0.394)	(0.219)
Agric. Researchers		0.050**			−0.507*
		(0.022)			(0.304)
Agric. R&D Spending			0.050**			−0.075*
			(0.022)			(0.042)
Observations	480	385	361	440	385	361
Instruments/Groups	22/24	19/24	18/24	22/24	19/24	18/24
Hansen pvalue	0.317	0.210	0.483	0.341	0.210	0.483
AR(2) pvalue	0.298	0.172	0.113	0.643	0.172	0.113
F-Statistics	140456.33	92043.00	178960.80	109089	92043	178960.80

Standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Note: Baseline model is the original Warren's [30] model, Agric. Res. Stands for the Full-time equivalents of agricultural researchers, Agric. R&D stands for the total annual expenditures on agricultural research and development.