Table 4.
Prevalence of Trichinella in wildlife tested at or in collaboration USDA, APDL, Beltsville, Maryland.
| Host | Region | Year | No. tested |
Method | #Pos. (%) |
Notes (in bold, species characterized) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wild pig (Sus scrofa) | Texas-North central Newcastle |
1997–1998 | 226 1 |
Digestion Digestion, bioassay, genotyping |
0 1 |
T. pseudospiralis |
Gamble et al. (2005) |
| Nationwide (APHIS) | 2012–2013 | 3247 sera | ELISA | 98 (3.0) |
Hill et al. (2014) | ||
| Nationwide (APHIS) | 2012–2013 | 330-tongues | Digestion, genotyping | 6 | All 6 isolates were T. spiralis | Hill et al. (2014) | |
| Black bear (Ursus americanus) | New Hampshire | 1986–1992 | 1515 | Digestion | 160 (10.5) | Private farm | Worley et al. (1993) |
| Pennsylvania | 1981–1983 | 2056 | Digestion | 37 (1.8) |
Hunter killed. Biological characteristics of 9 Trichinella isolates described (see text-section 6.1.3). Two isolates (ISS345 and ISS 346) were used by Pozio and La Rosa (2000) for original description of T. murrelli. | Leiby et al. (1985); Murrell et al. (1985); Schad et al. (1986) | |
| 1992 | 63 muscle 319 sera |
Digestion ELISA |
2 (3.2) 6 (1.8) |
Trichinella seen in histological sections of 3 of 162 bears | Dubey et al. (1994) | ||
| New Hampshire | 2003 | 1 bear meat frozen at minus 20 °C for 6 weeks | Digestion, bioassay | 1 | T. nativa | Hill et al. (2005) | |
| Maryland | 2005–2011 | 389-tongues | Digestion | 2 (0.5) |
Hunter killed, T. murrelli | Dubey et al. (2013) | |
| Pennsylvania | 2015–2016 | 181 adults | ELISA | 6 (3) |
Live, hibernating | Dubey et al. (2016) | |
| 8 yearlings | 1 (3.6) |
||||||
| 44 nursing cubs | 0 | ||||||
| North Carolina | 1996 | 79 | ELISA | 0 | Nutter et al. (1998) | ||
| Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) | Alaska | 1973–1987 | 878 | ELISA | 427 (48.6) | 355 (82.5%) of 430 from North, 62 (24.6%) of 252 from Interior, and 10 (5.1%) of 196 from South | Zarnke et al. (1997) |
| Raccoon (Procyon lotor) | Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 1170 | Digestion | 31 (2.6) |
Biological characteristics of Trichinella isolate described (see text-section 6.1.3) | Leiby et al. (1985); Murrell et al. (1985) |
| Illinois | 1986–1988 | 143 | Digestion | 12 (8.3) |
Doby and Murrell (1989) | ||
| New Jersey | 1983–1985 (?) | 1 | Digestion | 1 (100) |
Biological characteristics of Trichinella isolate described (see text-section 6.1.3) | Murrell et al. (1985); Leiby et al. (1988) | |
| Illinois | 1987–1989 | 323 | Digestion | 5 (1.3) |
T. murrelli | Snyder et al. (1993) | |
| Wisconsin | 2005–2006 | 59 | Digestion, histology, serology, bioassay |
11 (18.6) | T. murrelli was isolated by bioassay from tongue | Hill et al. (2008) | |
| Maryland | 2007 (?) | 38 | Digestion | 6 | T. spiralis | Hill et al. (2010) | |
| Coyote (Canis latrans) | Illinois | 1986–1988 | 5 | Digestion | 0 | Doby and Murrell (1989) | |
| Illinois | 1987–1989 | 1 | Digestion | 0 | Snyder et al. (1993) | ||
| Wisconsin | 2005–2006 | 42 | Digestion | 11 (26.1) | Bioassay of tongue positive | Hill et al. (2008) | |
| Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) | Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 51 | Digestion | 2 (3.9) |
Leiby et al. (1985) | |
| New Jersey | 1983–1985 (?) | 15 | Digestion | 7 (47) |
T. spiralis. Biological characteristics of Trichinella isolate described (see text-section 6.1.3) | Murrell et al. (1985); Leiby et al. (1988) | |
| Wisconsin | 2005–2006 | 7 | Digestion | 0 | Hill et al. (2008) | ||
| Foxes | Illinois | 1986-1988 | 28 | Digestion | 1 (3.5) |
Doby and Murrell (1989) | |
| Red fox (Vulpes fulva) | Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 73 | Digestion | 11 (15.1) | Leiby et al. (1985) | |
| 2024 | 21 | Compression, PCR |
7 (33.3) |
T. murrelli | Dubey et al. (2024b) | ||
| Illinois | 1987–1989 | 9 | Digestion | 2 (17.1) |
T. murrelli | Snyder et al. (1993) | |
| Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) | Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 90 | Digestion | 6 (6.7) |
Fecundity of Trichinella isolates compared in hamsters, jirds, deer mice, rats, and multimmate rats | Leiby et al. (1985); Murrell et al. (1985) |
| 2004 | 1 | Compression, PCR | T. murrelli | Thompson et al. (2024) | |||
| Black vulture (Coragyps atratus) | Alabama | Not stated | 1 | Digestion, bioassay, genotyping | 1 | T. pseudospiralis, infective to pigs, mice, and chickens | Lindsay et al. (1995) |
| Opossum (Didelphis virginianus) | Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 384 | Digestion | 11 (2.9) |
Leiby et al. (1985) | |
| Illinois | 1986–1988 | 48 | Digestion | 1 (2.0) |
Doby and Murrell (1989) | ||
| New Jersey | 1983–1985 (?) | 3 | Digestion | 1 (33.3) |
T. spiralis. Biological characteristics of Trichinella isolate described (see text-section 6.1.3) | Murrell et al. (1985); Leiby et al. (1988) | |
| Maryland | 2007(?) | 4 | Digestion | 2 | T. spiralis | Hill et al. (2010) | |
| Mice (unspecified) | Illinois | 1986–1988 | 8 | Digestion | 0 | Doby and Murrell (1989) | |
| Deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) | New Jersey | 1983–1985 (?) | 18 | Digestion | 0 | Leiby et al. (1988) | |
| Shorttail shrew (Blarina brevicaudata) | New Jersey | 1983–1985 (?) | 5 | Digestion | 0 | Leiby et al. (1988) | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Illinois | 1986–1988 | 117 | Digestion | 1 (0.8) |
Doby and Murrell (1989) | |
| New Jersey | 1983–1984 | 443 | Digestion | 188 (42.4) | On an endemic, poorly managed on farm | Leiby et al. (1990) | |
| Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) | Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 201 | Digestion | 0 | Leiby et al. (1985) | |
| Mink (Mustela vison) | Illinois | 1986–1988 | 35 | Digestion | 0 | Doby and Murrell (1989) | |
| Pennsylvania | 1982–1983 | 17 | Digestion | 1 (5.9) |
Leiby et al. (1985) | ||
| Feral domestic cat (Felis catus) | New Jersey | 1983–1985 (?) | 2 | Digestion | 2 (100) |
T. spiralis | Leiby et al. (1988) |
| Bobcat (Lynx rufus) | Mississippi | 2017 | 25 | Histology | 1 | Dubey et al. (2024a) | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) | Virginia | 2004 | 1 (muscle & tongue) | Histology, bioassay | 1 | T. murrelli | Dubey et al. (2006) |
| Gray wolf (Canis lupus) | Montana | 1987 | 1 | Digestion, bioassay | 1 | Not freeze resistant | Worley et al. (1990) |