Table 5.
Game as source of human trichinellosis in the USA.
| Year | State | No of persons affected |
Suspected source |
Trichinella in game meat |
Notes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | AZ, MN SD |
6 | Bear meat grilled | Viable larvae in bear meat frozen 45 days | Bear from northern Saskatchewan, Canada | Cash-Goldwasser et al. (2024) |
| 2016–2017 | CA | 12 | Raw pork dish | Larvae in left over pork | Farm raised wild boar | Heaton et al. (2018) |
| 2016 | AK | 9- First outbreak −4 family members | Raw or pan-fried walrus meat | Walrus meat not available for testing | Hunted walruses were from same area | Springer et al. (2017) |
| 2017 | AK | Second outbreak −5 neighbors | Shared walrus meat | Walrus meat not available for testing | Springer et al. (2017) | |
| 2011 | MN | 2- carcass dressed gloveless, meat consumed | Larvae in frozen boar meat | Wild boar hunted from private farm in Iowa | Holzbauer et al. (2014) | |
| 2008–2012 | 25 states and DC |
90 cases | Pork products in 22 cases, non-pork products in 45 cases | No data | No data | Wilson et al. (2015) |
| 2008 | CA | 23 confirmed, 6 probable | Bear meat consumption | Larvae in bear paw muscle | Trichinella murrelli -associated | Hall et al. (2012) |
| 2005 | NH | 1 patient | Bear meat consumption suspected | Viable larvae from bear meat frozen -20 °C for 4 months | Trichinella nativa -associated | Hill et al. (2005) |
| 2003 | NY | 1 patient | Ate nearly 1 kg of raw bear meat | Viable larvae recovered from frozen bear meat | Trichinella nativa -associated | Smith et al. (2004) |
| 2003 | TN | 2 patients, husband, wife | Ate medium rare bear meat | Larvae in histological sections of bear meat | Bear was shot in Canada and transported to TN. | Smith et al. (2004) |
| 1997–2003 |
AK 4 patients, CA 8 patients IL 4 patients MN 5 patients, OH8 patients |
33 outbreaks | Implicated meat Bear jerkey, Bear meat, Pork sausages, pork jerkey Pork sausages, Bear jerkey, Bear meat |
Roy et al. (2003) | ||
| 1995 | ID | 7 of 15 who ate cougar jerkey | Trichinella larvae recovered from frozen cougar meat | Trichinella nativa suspected | Dworkin et al. (1996) |
AK = Alaska, AZ = Arizona, CA = California, DC=District of Columbia, ID=Idaho, IL = Illinois, MN = Montana, NH=New Hampshire, NY=New York, OH=Ohio, SD=South Dakota.TN = Tennessee.