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. 2024 Sep 6;19(9):e0307893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307893

Table 2. Spatial econometric modeling tests.

Test Methods statistical value p-value
LM-lag 51.323*** 0.000
Robust LM-lag 70.816*** 0.000
LM-error 132.497*** 0.0000
Robust LM-error 151.990*** 0.0000
Wald Spatial error 59.10*** 0.0000
Wald Spatial lag 62.17*** 0.0000
LR Spatial error 56.13*** 0.0000
LR Spatial lag 58.65*** 0.0000
Hausman 18.42*** 0.0183

Notes: Values in parentheses indicate the standard deviation.

*, ** and *** indicate p < 0.1, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.