Table 2.

Classroom discourse transcription conventions.

Notation	Meaning
T：	Teacher
L：	Learner（Not identified）
L1, L2, etc.：	Identified learner
LL：	Several learners at once or the whole class
…	Keep silence and look forward to response
(+)	Silence or pause for 1 s
(+)(+)	Silence or pause for 2 s
(+)(+)(+)	Silence or pause for 3 s
(4)	Silence; length given in seconds
?	Rising intonation-question or other
!	Emphatic speech: falling intonation
(hhh)	Laughter
((unintelligible))	Identified speech