Table 3.

Application of 3D reconstruction techniques for seed phenotype digitization.

Optical sensor	Pros and cons	Seed	Application	Method and performance	Ref
3D laser scanner	High-precision and high-resolution Not limited by lighting environment Cumbersome to operateTime-consuming for data collection	Rice	3D geometric characteristic modeling	Geomagic Studio	[122]
			Surface shape feature measurement	Geomagic Studio, accuracy > 98 %	[125]
		Maize	3D geometric characteristic modeling	–	[126]
		Legume	3D modeling and trait measurement	Visual Studio	[121]
		Grape	Variety discrimination	cluster analysis and PCA	[123]
MVS	Convenient image acquisition operation High color reproduction Time-consuming for calculationNot suitable for texture-lacked objects	Maize	3D geometric characteristic modeling	Visual Studio, Matlab and Python, relative error = 0.1 %	[120]
		Arabidopsis, rapeseed, barley	3D modeling and trait measurement	Matlab, R2 = 0.492 ∼ 0.994	[124]