Fig. 1.

Chemical structure of (a) Flavonoids compounds, and (b) Different classes of compounds identified from different propolis extracts using LC–LTQ–MS/MS analysis and assisted Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) molecular networking. The network is represented as a pie chart, where nodes correspond to parent masses of the metabolites. Circular nodes represent unique detected peaks in the molecular networking, while triangle nodes denote parent ions identified in the GNPS molecular networking. Grey nodes are the metabolites detected in the blank solvent and those common between propolis samples and the blank. The metabolites in propolis from Egypt, Germany, and France are represented by aqua, green, and violet colors, respectively. Yellow nodes indicate metabolites that occur in Egyptian and German propolis, while orange nodes denote metabolites common across all three regions’ propolis samples. Blue nodes represent similar metabolites between Egyptian and French propolis, and pink nodes indicate metabolites common between German and French propolis. G1: Propolis from Egypt, G2: Propolis from Germany, G3: Propolis from France, and G4: Blank solvent