Sleeve gastrectomy and dietary restriction induce weight loss and MASLD amelioration in rat models. (A) The technical scheme of the rat MASLD model and surgical interventions. All animals except “Ctrl” were on HFD during this experiment. (B) Body weight was recorded for 20 weeks of modeling. (C) Serological indexes (glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TBA, ALT, AST, ALP, IL-6, IL-10, FGF-19 and FGF-21) were measured. (D) H&E-stained rat liver tissue and (E) quantification of steatosis (area of hepatocyte lipid vesicles) from Ctrl, Sham, Sham + DR and SG groups. (F) Sirius red-stained rat liver tissue and (G) quantification of fibrosis from Ctrl, Sham, Sham + DR and SG groups. Abbreviations: Sham/S: sham surgery; DR: dietary restriction; SG: sleeve gastrectomy; Ctrl: control fed a normal diet; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TBA: total bile acids; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; IL: interleukin; FGF: fibroblast growth factor. The one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons was performed. '*' represents 'p < 0.05' and statistical significance.