Table 1.

Apoptosis-targeted therapies in NAFLD.

Treatments	Model	Targets	Signaling pathways or molecular mechanisms	Ref.
PinX1 knockdown	HFD-induced mice and primary mice hepatocytes	mTERT	Improves mTERT activity	[45]
Se	Primary rat hepatocytes	Oxidative stress	Antioxidant	[27]
Vitamin D	HFD-induced mice	Oxidative stress	Antioxidant	[28]
Exercise	HFD-induced zebrafish	Oxidative stress	Activates SIRT1/AMPK/NRF2 signaling	[31]
	HFD-induced rat and HepG2 cells	Srit1	Activates Sirt1-mediated Drp1 acetylation	[33]
LNT	HFD-induced mice and AML-12 cells	Oxidative stress	Activates PPARα pathway	[29]
GLA	AML-12 cells	Oxidative stress	Activates LKB1–AMPK–mTOR pathway	[24]
HCA	HFD-induced mice and HepG2 cells	Oxidative stress	Activates NRF2–ARE pathway	[30]
PK	HFD-induced rat	Mitochondria	Improves mitochondrial function	[15]
A22	HFD-induced mice and HepG2 cells	Gene promoter i-motif	Upregulates Bcl-2 transcription and translation	[32]
BCATc inhibitor 2	LO2 and HepG2 cells	p-AKT, p-JNK, and mitochondria	Inhibits Bcl-2/Bax/caspase axis and AKT/ERK signaling and improves mitochondrial function	[23]
EGCG	HFD-induced mice and LO2 cells	Mitochondria	Inhibits ROS/MAPK pathway	[34]
Sulforaphane	HFD-induced mice and HepG2 cells	Ceramide	Inhibits the ceramide	[35]
Myriocin	HFD-induced rat	Ceramide	Inhibits the ceramide	[36]
Silicon	HFD and HSHCD-induced rat	Mitochondria	Downregulates the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway process	[37]
CAR	HFD-induced mice and AML-12 cells	PRDX3	Improves mitochondrial function	[38]
MMO	Human Chang liver cells	Mitochondria	Improves mitochondrial function	[39]
SELENOM	HFD-induced mice and AML-12 cells	Parkin	Activates AMPKα1–MFN2 pathway and improves mitochondrial function	[40]
Tan IIA	HepG2 cells	ER stress	Inhibits PERK/eIF2α and ATF6 signaling pathway	[26]
Empagliflozin	HFD-induce mice	ER stress	Inhibits ER stress	[41]
MiR-149	HFD-induced mice and primary mice hepatocytes	ER stress	Downregulates the ATF6 signaling pathway	[42]
α-Tocopherol	HCD-induced rabbit	ER stress	Reduces JNK/c-Jun/inflammatory axis and JNK/CHOP/apoptotic signaling	[43]
α-Linolenic acid	HFD-induced mice and HepG2 cells	AMPK	Inhibits IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK signaling pathway	[44]