Figure 1.

Effects of testosterone (T) on the mechanisms of CIH hypertension. CIH generates hypoxia and reoxygenations leading to increased oxidative stress, generation of RAS-mediated angiotensin II, vascular dysfunction, and autonomic imbalance that leads to hypertension. Bold arrows show pathophysiological mechanisms driving CIH hypertension in an intersystem (CNS, renal, cardiovascular, and respiratory) interplay. Testosterone’s effects on CIH hypertension are shown in the boxes. Created with BioRender. CIH, chronic intermittent hypoxia; CNS, central nervous system; RAS, renin-angiotensin system. The numbers indicate references.