FIGURE 6.

Primary human ventricular cardiomyocyte models. Simulated action potentials [transmembrane voltage (V_M)] and Ca²⁺ transients ([Ca²⁺]_i), model structure, simulated ion currents and fluxes, and special features are highlighted. Traces were simulated with the human ventricular cardiomyocyte models from O’Hara–Rudy 2011 (67), Grandi 2010 (147), Bueno-Orovio 2008 (77), ten Tusscher 2004 (144), Iyer 2004 (148), and Priebe–Beuckelmann 1998 (77, 149). Models were obtained from https://www.cellml.org/ or implemented based on the model equations. CaMKII, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II; CYT, cytosol; I_Cab, background Ca²⁺ current; I_CaK, K⁺ flux through the L-type Ca²⁺ channel; I_Ca,L, L-type Ca²⁺ current; I_CaNa, Na⁺ flux through the L-type Ca²⁺ current; I_Clb, background Cl⁻ current; I_ClCa, Ca²⁺-dependent Cl⁻ current; I_K1, basal inward-rectifier K⁺ current; I_Kb, background K⁺ current; I_Kr, rapid delayed-rectifier K⁺ current; I_Ks, slow delayed-rectifier K⁺ current; I_Na, Na⁺ current; I_Na,late, persistent late Na⁺ current; I_Nab, background Na⁺ current; I_NaK, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase current; I_NaCa, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange current; I_pCa, plasmalemmal Ca²⁺-ATPase current; I_to, transient outward K⁺ current; J_leak, Ca²⁺ leak from sarcoplasmic reticulum; J_rel, Ca²⁺-release flux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; JSR, junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum; J_up, Ca²⁺ uptake flux into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; [K⁺]_o, extracellular potassium concentration; NSR, network sarcoplasmic reticulum; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; SS, subspace Ca²⁺ domain.