FIGURE 7.
Primary human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte models. Simulated action potentials [transmembrane voltage (VM)] and Ca2+ transients ([Ca2+]i), model structure, simulated ion currents and fluxes, and special features are highlighted. Traces were simulated with models from Akwaboah 2021 (179), Kernik 2019 (178), Koivumäki 2018 (177), and Paci 2013 (174). Models were obtained from https://www.cellml.org/ or implemented based on the model equations. CYT, cytosol; ICab, background Ca2+ current; ICa,L, L-type Ca2+ current; ICa,T, T-type Ca2+ current; If, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated “funny” current; IK1, basal inward-rectifier K+ current; IK,ACh, acetylcholine-activated inward-rectifier K+ current; IKr, rapid delayed-rectifier K+ current; IKs, slow delayed-rectifier K+ current; IKur, ultrarapid delayed-rectifier K+ current; INa, Na+ current; INab, background Na+ current; INaK, Na+-K+-ATPase current; INaCa, Na+/Ca2+ exchange current; IpCa, plasmalemmal Ca2+-ATPase current; Ito, transient outward K+ current; JIP3R, inositol triphosphate receptor Ca2+ flux; Jleak, Ca2+ leak from sarcoplasmic reticulum; Jrel, Ca2+ release flux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; JSR, junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum; Jup, Ca2+ uptake flux into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; NSR, network sarcoplasmic reticulum; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; SS, subspace Ca2+ domain.