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. 2023 Dec 28;104(3):1265–1333. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023

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Copyright © 2024 The Authors

Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0. Published by the American Physiological Society.

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FIGURE 9. — Computational models of the heart. A: imaging modalities used in whole heart modeling. Ex vivo images reproduced from Ref. 254, with permission from Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (left), and Ref. 256 (center) and Ref. 255 (right), with permission from Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. B: personalized atrial and ventricular models reconstructed from various imaging modalities. Images of ex vivo ventricular and atrial models reproduced from Ref. 256 (top), with permission from Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, and Ref. 257 (bottom), with permission from Journal of American Heart Association. Images of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based ventricular and atrial models reproduced from Ref. 258 (top) and Ref. 259 (bottom), with permission from Nature Biomedical Engineering. Computed tomography (CT) images reproduced from Ref. 260 (top), with permission from Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, and Ref. 261 (bottom), with permission from Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. Image of T1-MRI-based model reproduced from Ref. 262, with permission from eLife. Image of MRI-positron emission tomography (PET) model reproduced from Ref. 263, with permission from Science Advances. C: fiber orientations mapped to personalized heart models. Images reproduced from Ref. 254 (left), with permission from Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Ref. 255 (center), with permission from Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. BB, Bachmann’s bundle; CT, crista terminalis; IAS, interatrial septum; IVC, inferior vena cava; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; LIPV, left inferior pulmonary vein; LSPV, left superior pulmonary vein; LV, left ventricle; PLA, posterior left atrium; RA, right atrium; RAA, right atrial appendage; RIPV, right inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein; RV, right ventricle; SVC, superior vena cava.