Table 1.
Overview of modifications to the main human atrial cardiomyocyte models
| Model | Innovation from Original Model and Purpose |
|---|---|
| Original model: Grandi (90) | |
| Bai 2021 (126) | • Addition of IK,ATP and IK,ACh • Comparison between modified Grandi and Bai models |
| Colman 2018 (127) | • Calibration with new data (from 1 dataset) • New formulations of IK1, Ihyp, Ito, Isus, ICaL |
| Ellinwood 2017 (128) | Markov formulation of IKur |
| Onal 2017 (129) | Addition of INaL and CaMKII signaling |
| Voigt 2014 (130) | Spatial/stochastic gating of RyR2 |
| Voigt 2013 (131) | Na+-dependent regulation of IK1 and IK,ACh |
| Schmidt 2015 (62) | Formulation of the K2P3.1 current |
| Original model: Koivumäki (122) | |
| Skibsbye 2016 (132) | • Reformulation of INa • Adjustment of Ito, ICaL • Addition of IKCa |
| Koivumäki 2014 (133) | • Reformulation of ICaL (increased contribution of Ca2+-dependent vs. voltage-dependent inactivation) • Update of SERCA2a parameters |
| Original model: Bai (121) | |
| Bai 2021 (126) | • Addition of IK,ATP and IK,ACh • Comparison between modified Grandi and Bai models |
| Original model: Courtemanche (45) | |
| Bai 2019 (134) | New INaL current based on Grandi 2011 (90) |
| Colman 2018 (127) | • Calibration with new data (from 1 dataset) • New formulations of IK1, Ihyp, Ito, Isus, ICaL • Comparison between different models |
| Vincenti 2014 (135) | • Dependence of IK1 and IKr currents on [K+]o • Improved long-term stability • Addition of IK,ACh |
| Li 2007 (136) | Addition of IAnion (anionic background current) |
| Tsujimae 2007 (137) | Additional slow activation process for IKs |
| Colman 2013 (138) | • New formulation of Ito, IKur, intracellular calcium handling • Addition of 2 compartments in the SR |
| Colman 2017 (139) | New IKur formulation |
| Ni 2017 and 2019 (140) | • Adjustment of ICaL baseline conductance to reduce systolic calcium levels • Addition of IKur • Addition of INaL |
| Original model: Nygren (39) | |
| Colman 2018 (127) | • Calibration with new data (from 1 dataset) • New formulations of IK1, Ihyp, Ito, Isus, ICaL • Comparison between different models |
| Maleckar 2008 (141) | New repolarization model |
CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; ICa,L, L-type Ca2+ current; Ihyp, hyperpolarization-activated current; IK1, basal inward-rectifier K+ current; IK,ACh, acetylcholine-activated inward-rectifier K+ current; IK,ATP, ATP-sensitive K+ current; IKCa, Ca2+-activated K+ current; IKs, slow delayed-rectifier K+ current; IKur, ultra-rapid delayed-rectifier K+ current; INa,L, L-type Na+ current; Isus, sustained K+ current; Ito, transient outward K+ current; [K+]o, extracellular potassium concentration; RyR2, ryanodine receptor channel type 2; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum.