TABLE 3.
Summary of cardiopulmonary variables relevant to perfusion adaptations of awake and anesthetized bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).
| Reported values | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular variables | ||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 20–140 a | Williams et al., 2015; Williams et al., 1993; Ponganis et al., 2017 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 120–142 b | Sommer et al., 1968; Ridgway & McCormick, 1971 |
| Cardiac index (mL/min/kg) | 47–105 c | Sommer et al., 1968 |
| 18.2–49.5 d | Miedler et al., 2015 | |
| Stroke volume index (mL/beat/kg) | 0.4–0.8 c | Sommer et al., 1968 |
| 0.5–0.9 d | Miedler et al., 2015 | |
| Blood volume (mL/kg) | 65–83 (mean 71) | Johnson et al., 2009; Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2–15.3 (mean 14.4) | Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 |
| Oxygen‐carrying capacity, blood (mL O2/dL) e | 17.7–20.5 (mean 19.3) | Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 |
| Myoglobin (g 100/g muscle) | 2.5–3.5 | Kooyman & Ponganis, 1997; Dolar et al., 1999; Ridgway & Johnston, 1966 |
| Oxygen‐carrying capacity, muscle | ||
| Muscle mass (mL O2/kg muscle) e | 33.5–46.9 | Kooyman & Ponganis, 1997 |
| Body mass (mL O2/kg body mass) | 13.3 | Pabst D, et al., 1999 |
| Total oxygen (mL O2/kg) | 29–36 | Pabst D, et al., 1999; Kooyman & Ponganis, 1997; Noren & Williams, 2000 |
| Pulmonary variables | ||
| Breathing frequency (breaths/min) | 0.9–3.6 | Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013; Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017 |
| Inspiratory phase time (ms) | 430–660 | Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Fahlman, Brodsky, et al., 2019 |
| Expiratory phase time (ms) | 260–500 | Piscitelli et al., 2013; Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Fahlman, Brodsky, et al., 2019 |
| Inspiratory flow rate (L/s) | 9.8–20.2 | Fahlman et al., 2015 |
| Expiratory flow rate (L/s) | 16.5–37.5 | Fahlman et al., 2015 |
| Tidal volume (mL/kg) | 15–22 | Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Fahlman, Miedler, et al., 2019; Mortola & Seguin, 2009 |
| Total lung capacity (mL/kg) | 40–138 | Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013; Fahlman et al., 2015; Fahlman et al., 2017; Mortola & Seguin, 2009 |
| Airway (alveolar) opening pressure (cm H2O) | 21–25 | Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013 |
| Peak airway pressure (cm H2O) | 30 | Piscitelli et al., 2010; Piscitelli et al., 2013 |
| Dynamic compliance (L/cm H2O) | 0.37 ± 0.04 f | Fahlman et al., 2015 |
Normal respiratory sinus arrhythmia accounts for heart rate variability in adult bottlenose dolphins at the surface and during diving conditions.
Mean arterial pressures obtained in awake as well as anesthetized out‐of‐water dolphins. No significant differences were found between both conditions, therefore, data was pooled.
Variable data obtained in anesthetized out‐of‐water dolphins via indocyanine green dye‐dilution curves (n = 4).
Variable data obtained in awake in‐water dolphins via echocardiogram measurements (n = 14).
Calculated value, that is, oxygen capacity is calculated from measured [Mb] or [Hb] assuming a conversion factor of 1.34 mL O2.
Estimated as tidal volume divided by tidal change in transpulmonary pressure measured using an esophageal pressure catheter.