. 2024 Jul 18;103(10):104102. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104102

Table 3.

Price premiums and HPAI outbreaks.

Dependent variable: $l n P_{i j t}$
Egg			Turkey			Chicken
Variables	$I B_{t}$	$G S V_{t}$	Variables	$I B_{t}$	$G S V_{t}$	Variables	$I B_{t}$	$G S V_{t}$
$G S V_{t}$		0.015^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)	$G S V_{t}$		0.002^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)	$G S V_{t}$		0.003^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)
$I B_{t}$	0.027^* (0.011)		$I B_{t}$	0.083^⁎⁎ (0.024)		$I B_{t}$	0.153^⁎⁎ (0.050)
Brown	0.125^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	0.132^⁎⁎⁎ (0.005)	Breast	0.586^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	0.599^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	Breast	0.310^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.308^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)
Grade (AA)	0.012^† (0.006)	0.030^⁎⁎⁎ (0.007)	Whole	−0.007 (0.005)	−0.009 (0.006)	Whole	0.160^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.150^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)
Cage-free	0.690^⁎⁎⁎ (0.006)	0.729^⁎⁎⁎ (0.007)	Ground	0.370^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	0.365^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	Wings	0.784^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	0.764^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)
Omega	0.676^⁎⁎⁎ (0.005)	0.714^⁎⁎⁎ (0.006)	Boneless	0.322^⁎⁎⁎ (0.007)	0.319^⁎⁎⁎ (0.008)	Drumsticks	0.088^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.095^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)
Vegetarian-Fed	0.617^⁎⁎⁎ (0.007)	0.659^⁎⁎⁎ (0.008)	Tender	0.330^⁎⁎⁎ (0.005)	0.324^⁎⁎⁎ (0.006)	Boneless	0.713^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.717^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)
Organic	0.993^⁎⁎⁎ (0.007)	1.030^⁎⁎⁎ (0.008)	Frozen	−0.645^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	−0.652^⁎⁎⁎ (0.005)	Tender	0.739^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.738^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)
Large Size	0.204^⁎⁎⁎ (0.008)	0.229^⁎⁎⁎ (0.009)	Lean93	0.248^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.252^⁎⁎⁎ (0.004)	Frozen	−0.211^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	−0.219^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)
X-large Size	0.266^⁎⁎⁎ (0.009)	0.297^⁎⁎⁎ (0.010)				Organic	0.810^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)	0.822^⁎⁎⁎ (0.003)
Brown $\times A I_{t}$	0.002 (0.007)	−0.001^⁎⁎ (0.000)	Breast $\times A I_{t}$	−0.134^⁎⁎⁎ (0.021)	−0.002^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)	Breast $\times A I_{t}$	0.020 (0.066)	0.000 (0.000)
Grade (AA) $\times A I_{t}$	0.001 (0.008)	−0.003^⁎⁎ (0.001)	Whole $\times A I_{t}$	−0.051^† (0.027)	0.000 (0.000)	Whole $\times A I_{t}$	0.195^* (0.085)	0.002^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)
Cage-free $\times A I_{t}$	−0.026^⁎⁎ (0.008)	−0.007^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)	Ground $\times A I_{t}$	0.025 (0.024)	0.001^⁎⁎ (0.001)	Wings $\times A I_{t}$	0.272^*^. (0.115)	0.003^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)
Omega $\times A I_{t}$	−0.025^⁎⁎⁎ (0.006)	−0.007^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)	Boneless $\times A I_{t}$	0.039 (0.036)	0.001 (0.001)	Drumsticks $\times A I_{t}$	−0.124^† (0.068)	−0.001^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)
Veg-Fed $\times A I_{t}$	−0.027^⁎⁎ (0.008)	−0.008^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)	Tender $\times A I_{t}$	−0.102^⁎⁎⁎ (0.029)	0.001 (0.000)	Boneless $\times A I_{t}$	−0.010 (0.068)	−0.001^⁎⁎ (0.000)
Organic $\times A I_{t}$	−0.018^† (0.009)	−0.007^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)	Frozen $\times A I_{t}$	0.061^* (0.026)	0.001^⁎⁎ (0.000)	Tender $\times A I_{t}$	0.077 (0.088)	0.000 (0.000)
Large $\times A I_{t}$	0.003 (0.011)	−0.006^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)	Lean93 $\times A I_{t}$	−0.056^⁎⁎⁎ (0.019)	−0.001^⁎⁎ (0.000)	Frozen $\times A I_{t}$	0.485^⁎⁎⁎ (0.130)	0.002^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)
X-large Size $\times A I_{t}$	0.012 (0.013)	−0.007^⁎⁎⁎ (0.001)				Organic $\times A I_{t}$	−0.092 (0.057)	−0.002^⁎⁎⁎ (0.000)
Constant	−0.576^⁎⁎⁎ (0.024)	−0.485^⁎⁎⁎ (0.024)	Constant	0.016 (0.021)	0.117^⁎⁎⁎ (0.022)	Constant	−0.231^⁎⁎⁎ (0.013)	−0.120^⁎⁎⁎ (0.013)
Other covariates			Other covariates			Other covariates
Region FE	Yes	Yes	Region FE	Yes	Yes	Region FE	Yes	Yes
Month FE	Yes	Yes	Month FE	Yes	Yes	Month FE	Yes	Yes
COVID-19	Yes	Yes	COVID-19	Yes	Yes	COVID-19	Yes	Yes
Exchange rate	Yes	Yes	Exchange rate	Yes	Yes	Exchange rate	Yes	Yes
CPI	Yes	Yes	CPI	Yes	Yes	CPI	Yes	Yes
#Observations	33,227	33,227	#Observations	40,174	40,174	#Observations	149,472	149,472
Region	8	8	Region	11	11	Region	8	8
R-squared	0.759	0.768	R-squared	0.784	0.785	R-squared	0.691	0.694
F-Stat.	2,627^⁎⁎⁎	2,789^⁎⁎⁎	F-Stat.	5,371^⁎⁎⁎	5,414^⁎⁎⁎	F-Stat.	10,134^⁎⁎⁎	10,289^⁎⁎⁎

Note: $A I_{t}$ denotes either $I B_{t}$ or $G S V_{t}$ . $I B_{t}$ represents the weekly count of affected birds measured in million. $G S V_{t}$ represent Google Search Volume for the term “HPAI” in the US. Robust standard errors are in parentheses.

^⁎

p ≤ 0.05.

^⁎⁎

p ≤ 0.01.

^⁎⁎⁎

p ≤ 0.001.

^†

p ≤ 0.10.

Source: Own calculation.