Table 2.
Participants sleep characteristics (N = 17,597).
| Total, N = 17,597 | Practicing Japanese Calligraphy, n = 2420 | Nonpracticing Japanese Calligraphy, n = 15,177 | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time in Bed (min) | 462.8 ± 76.1 | 459.0 ± 75.2 | 463.4 ± 76.3 | 0.008*a | |
| Subjective Sleep Insufficiency (times a week) (%) | <3 | 16903 (96.1) | 2342 (96.8) | 14561 (95.9) | 0.051 |
| ≥3 | 694 (3.9) | 78 (3.2) | 616 (4.1) | ||
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (times a week) (%) | <3 | 16894 (96.0) | 2339 (96.6) | 14555 (95.9) | 0.095 |
| ≥3 | 699 (4.0) | 81 (3.4) | 618 (4.1) | ||
| Sleep-Related Impairment of Motivation, Concentration, and Daytime Functioning (times a week) (%) | <3 | 17476 (99.3) | 2407 (99.5) | 15069 (99.3) | 0.494 |
| ≥3 | 116 (0.7) | 13 (0.5) | 103 (0.7) | ||
| Sleeping Pills use (times a week) (%) | <3 | 16537 (94.0) | 2270 (93.8) | 14267 (94.0) | 0.716 |
| ≥3 | 1060 (6.0) | 150 (6.2) | 910 (6.0) | ||
| Presence of Sleep-Disturbing Activities (times a week) (%) | <3 | 17380 (98.8) | 2392 (98.8) | 14988 (98.8) | 0.911 |
| ≥3 | 210 (1.2) | 28 (1.2) | 182 (1.2) | ||
| Delayed Sleep Phase (times a week) (%) | <3 | 17453 (99.2) | 2404 (99.3) | 15049 (99.2) | 0.532 |
| ≥3 | 140 (0.8) | 16 (0.7) | 124 (0.8) | ||
| Sleep Quality Dissatisfaction (%) | No | 16943 (96.3) | 2339 (96.6) | 14604 (96.2) | 0.353 |
| Yes | 650 (3.7) | 81 (3.4) | 569 (3.8) | ||
| Sleep Environment Dissatisfaction (%) | No | 17522 (99.6) | 2409 (99.5) | 15113 (99.6) | 0.602 |
| Yes | 70 (0.4) | 11 (0.5) | 59 (0.4) | ||
| Chronic Insomnia (%) | No | 11959 (68.0) | 1731 (71.5) | 10228 (67.4) | <0.001* |
| Yes | 5638 (32.0) | 689 (28.5) | 4949 (32.6) | ||
| Sleep Onset Insomnia (%) | No | 15285 (86.9) | 2146 (88.7) | 13139 (86.6) | 0.005* |
| Yes | 2312 (13.1) | 274 (11.3) | 2038 (13.4) | ||
| Early Morning Awakening Insomnia (%) | No | 15997 (90.9) | 2252 (93.1) | 13744 (90.6) | <0.001* |
| Yes | 1600 (9.1) | 168 (6.9) | 1432 (9.4) | ||
| Wake after Sleep Offset Insomnia (%) | No | 15098 (85.8) | 2094 (86.5) | 13004 (85.7) | 0.273 |
| Yes | 2499 (14.2) | 326 (13.5) | 2173 (14.3) |
Note: *p < 0.05, χ2 test, aStudent's T-test, min = minutes.