Table 3.

Associations between chronic insomnia and practice of Japanese calligraphy by logistic regression models (N = 17,597).

	Crude Model		Model 1		Model 2
Variable	OR (95 % CI)	p	OR (95 % CI)	p	OR (95 % CI)	p
Practice of Japanese calligraphy (No = 0, Yes = 1)	0.82 (0.75–0.90)	<0.001*	0.84 (0.75–0.93)	0.001*	0.85 (0.76–0.95)	0.004*
Haiku Practice (No = 0, Yes = 1)			1.01 (0.88–1.15)	0.900	1.03 (0.90–1.18)	0.683
Gender (F = 0, M = 1)					0.74 (0.680–0.81)	<0.001*
Age (years)					1.02 (1.01–1.02)	<0.001*
Education (years)					0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.009
MMSE (score)					1.03 (1.01–1.05)	<0.001*
Depressive Symptoms (GDS <6 = 0, ≥6 = 1)					2.07 (1.88–2.27)	<0.001*
Alcohol Use (No = 0, Yes = 1)					1.02 (0.94–1.10)	0.691
Number of Medication (number)					1.02 (1.01–1.04)	0.003*
Light Exercise (days per week)					0.98 (0.96–1.01)	0.169
Regular Exercise (days per week)					0.98 (0.95–1.02)	0.304
Heart Disease (No = 0, Yes = 1)					1.07 (0.97–1.18)	0.185
Respiratory Disease (No = 0, Yes = 1)					1.09 (0.98–1.22)	0.118
Eyes Illnesses (No = 0, Yes = 1)					1.11 (1.03–1.21)	0.007*
Diabetes (No = 0, Yes = 1)					0.99 (0.89–1.11)	0.962
Hypertension (No = 0, Yes = 1)					0.94 (0.87–1.02)	0.139
Hyperlipidaemia (No = 0, Yes = 1)					1.06 (0.98–1.15)	0.125
Urination Issues (No = 0, Yes = 1)					1.11 (1.02–1.20)	0.010*
Time In Bed Time (min)					1.01 (1.00–1.01)	<0.001*

Note: *p < 0.05, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale, CI = confidence interval.